GAMPix: a novel fine-grained, low-noise and ultra-low power pixelated charge readout for TPCs

Tom Shutt, Bahrudin Trbalic, Aldo Pena-Perez, Steffen Luitz, Mark Convery, Angelo Dragone, Lorenzo Rota, Dietrich R. Freytag, Dionisio Doering, Filippo Mele, Miriam Moore, Hiro Tanaka, Yun-Tse Tsai

We report on the development of a novel pixel charge readout system, Grid Activated Multi-scale pixel readout (GAMPix), which is under development for use in the GammaTPC gamma ray instrument concept. GammaTPC is being developed to optimize the use of liquid argon time projection chamber technology for gamma ray astrophysics, for which a fine grained low power charge readout is essential. GAMPix uses a new architecture with coarse and fine scale instrumented electrodes to solve the twin problems of loss of measured charge after diffusion, and high readout power. Fundamentally, it enables low noise and ultra low power charge readout at the spatial scale limited by diffusion in a time projection chamber, and has other possibly applications, including future DUNE modules.

MicroBooNE and its Cross Section Measurement

Yun-Tse Tsai

MicroBooNE (the Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment) is a short-baseline neutrino experiment based on the technology of a liquid-argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), and has recently completed its first year of data-taking in the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam. It aims to address the anomalous excess of events with an electromagnetic final state in MiniBooNE, to measure neutrino-argon interaction cross sections, and to provide relevant R\&D for the future LArTPC experiments, such as DUNE. In these proceedings, we present the first reconstructed energy spectrum of Michel electrons from cosmic muon decays, the first kinematic distributions of the candidate muon tracks from $ν_μ$-argon charged-current interactions, and a demonstration of an electromagnetic shower reconstruction from $π^0$s produced by $ν_μ$-argon charged-current interactions. The results demonstrate the first fully automated reconstruction and selection algorithms in a large LArTPC and serve as foundations for future measurements.

Prospects for Detecting Boosted Dark Matter in DUNE through Hadronic Interactions

Joshua Berger, Yanou Cui, Mathew Graham, Lina Necib, Gianluca Petrillo, Dane Stocks, Yun-Tse Tsai, Yue Zhao

Boosted dark matter (BDM) is a well-motivated class of dark matter (DM) candidates in which a small component of DM is relativistic at the present time. We lay the foundation for BDM searches via hadronic interactions in large liquid-argon time-projection chambers (LArTPCs), such as DUNE. We investigate BDM-nucleus scattering in detail by developing new event generation techniques with a parameterized detector simulation. We study the discovery potential in a DUNE-like experiment using the low threshold and directionality of hadron detection in LArTPCs and compare with other experiments.

The GammaTPC Gamma-Ray Telescope Concept

Tom Shutt, Bahrudin Trbalic, Eric Charles, Niccolo Di Lalla, Oliver Hitchcock, Sam Jett, Ryan Linehan, Steffen Luitz, Greg Madejski, Aldo Peña-Perez, Yun-Tse Tsai

We present GammaTPC, a transformative 0.1-10 MeV $γ$-ray instrument concept featuring a tracker using a liquid argon time projection chamber (LAr TPC) technology with the novel GAMPix high spatial resolution and ultra low power charge readout. These enable an economical instrument with unprecedented effective area and sensitivity. We discuss the design and technology in some detail, including how a LAr TPC can be staged in space. Finally, we present a first study of the sensitivity of the instrument in the Compton regime using a new framework for analyzing Compton telescope data.

Snowmass 2021 Dark Matter Complementarity Report

Antonio Boveia, Mohamed Berkat, Thomas Y. Chen, Aman Desai, Caterina Doglioni, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Susan Gardner, Stefania Gori, Joshua Greaves, Patrick Harding, Philip C. Harris, W. Hugh Lippincott, Maria Elena Monzani, Katherine Pachal, Chanda Prescod-Weinstein, Gray Rybka, Bibhushan Shakya, Jessie Shelton, Tracy R. Slatyer, Amanda Steinhebel, Philip Tanedo, Natalia Toro, Yun-Tse Tsai, Mike Williams, Lindley Winslow, Jaehoon Yu, Tien-Tien Yu

The fundamental nature of Dark Matter is a central theme of the Snowmass 2021 process, extending across all Frontiers. In the last decade, advances in detector technology, analysis techniques and theoretical modeling have enabled a new generation of experiments and searches while broadening the types of candidates we can pursue. Over the next decade, there is great potential for discoveries that would transform our understanding of dark matter. In the following, we outline a road map for discovery developed in collaboration among the Frontiers. A strong portfolio of experiments that delves deep, searches wide, and harnesses the complementarity between techniques is key to tackling this complicated problem, requiring expertise, results, and planning from all Frontiers of the Snowmass 2021 process.

Dark Sector Studies with Neutrino Beams

Brian Batell, Joshua Berger, Vedran Brdar, Alan D. Bross, Janet M. Conrad, Patrick deNiverville, Valentina De Romeri, Bhaskar Dutta, Saeid Foroughi-Abari, Matheus Hostert, Joshua Isaacson, Ahmed Ismail, Sudip Jana, Wooyoung Jang, Nicholas W. Kamp, Kevin J. Kelly, Doojin Kim, Felix Kling, Mathieu Lamoureux, David McKeen, Jong-Chul Park, Gianluca Petrillo, Adam Ritz, Seodong Shin, Tyler B. Smith, Sebastian Trojanowski, Yu-Dai Tsai, Yun-Tse Tsai, Richard Van de Water, Jason Wyenberg, Guang Yang, Jaehoon Yu

An array of powerful neutrino-beam experiments will study the fundamental properties of neutrinos with unprecedented precision in the coming years. Along with their primary neutrino-physics motivations, there has been growing recognition that these experiments can carry out a rich program of searches for new, light, weakly-coupled particles that are part of a dark sector. In this white paper, we review the diverse theoretical motivations for dark sectors and the capabilities of neutrino beam experiments to probe a wide range of models and signatures. We also examine the potential obstacles that could limit these prospects and identify concrete steps needed to realize an impactful dark sector search program in this and coming decades.

Snowmass 2021 Cross Frontier Report: Dark Matter Complementarity (Extended Version)

Antonio Boveia, Mohamed Berkat, Thomas Y. Chen, Aman Desai, Caterina Doglioni, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Susan Gardner, Stefania Gori, Joshua Greaves, Patrick Harding, Philip C. Harris, W. Hugh Lippincott, Maria Elena Monzani, Katherine Pachal, Chanda Prescod-Weinstein, Gray Rybka, Bibhushan Shakya, Jessie Shelton, Tracy R. Slatyer, Amanda Steinhebel, Philip Tanedo, Natalia Toro, Yun-Tse Tsai, Mike Williams, Lindley Winslow, Jaehoon Yu, Tien-Tien Yu

The fundamental nature of Dark Matter is a central theme of the Snowmass 2021 process, extending across all frontiers. In the last decade, advances in detector technology, analysis techniques and theoretical modeling have enabled a new generation of experiments and searches while broadening the types of candidates we can pursue. Over the next decade, there is great potential for discoveries that would transform our understanding of dark matter. In the following, we outline a road map for discovery developed in collaboration among the frontiers. A strong portfolio of experiments that delves deep, searches wide, and harnesses the complementarity between techniques is key to tackling this complicated problem, requiring expertise, results, and planning from all Frontiers of the Snowmass 2021 process.

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

LBNE Collaboration, Corey Adams, David Adams, Tarek Akiri, Tyler Alion, Kris Anderson, Costas Andreopoulos, Mike Andrews, Ioana Anghel, João Carlos Costa dos Anjos, Maddalena Antonello, Enrique Arrieta-Diaz, Marina Artuso, Jonathan Asaadi, Xinhua Bai, Bagdat Baibussinov, Michael Baird, Baha Balantekin, Bruce Baller, Brian Baptista, D'Ann Barker, Gary Barker, William A. Barletta, Giles Barr, Larry Bartoszek, Amit Bashyal, Matt Bass, Vincenzo Bellini, Pietro Angelo Benetti, Bruce E. Berger, Marc Bergevin, Eileen Berman, Hans-Gerd Berns, Adam Bernstein, Robert Bernstein, Babu Bhandari, Vipin Bhatnagar, Bipul Bhuyan, Jianming Bian, Mary Bishai, Andrew Blake, Flor Blaszczyk, Erik Blaufuss, Bruce Bleakley, Edward Blucher, Steve Blusk, Virgil Bocean, F. Boffelli, Jan Boissevain, Timothy Bolton, Maurizio Bonesini, Steve Boyd, Andrew Brandt, Richard Breedon, Carl Bromberg, Ralph Brown, Giullia Brunetti, Norman Buchanan, Bill Bugg, Jerome Busenitz, E. Calligarich, Leslie Camilleri, Giada Carminati, Rachel Carr, Cesar Castromonte, Flavio Cavanna, Sandro Centro, Alex Chen, Hucheng Chen, Kai Chen, Daniel Cherdack, Cheng-Yi Chi, Sam Childress, Brajesh Chandra Choudhary, Georgios Christodoulou, Cabot-Ann Christofferson, Eric Church, David Cline, Thomas Coan, Alfredo Cocco, Joao Coelho, Stephen Coleman, Janet M. Conrad, Mark Convery, Robert Corey, Luke Corwin, Jack Cranshaw, Daniel Cronin-Hennessy, A. Curioni, Helio da Motta, Tristan Davenne, Gavin S. Davies, Steven Dazeley, Kaushik De, Andre de Gouvea, Jeffrey K. de Jong, David Demuth, Chris Densham, Milind Diwan, Zelimir Djurcic, R. Dolfini, Jeffrey Dolph, Gary Drake, Stephen Dye, Hongue Dyuang, Daniel Edmunds, Steven Elliott, Muhammad Elnimr, Sarah Eno, Sanshiro Enomoto, Carlos O. Escobar, Justin Evans, A. Falcone, Lisa Falk, Amir Farbin, Christian Farnese, Angela Fava, John Felde, S. Fernandes, Fernando Ferroni, Farshid Feyzi, Laura Fields, Alex Finch, Mike Fitton, Bonnie Fleming, Jack Fowler, Walt Fox, Alex Friedland, Stu Fuess, Brian Fujikawa, Hugh Gallagher, Raj Gandhi, Gerald Garvey, Victor M. Gehman, Gianluigi de Geronimo, Daniele Gibin, Ronald Gill, Ricardo A. Gomes, Maury C. Goodman, Jason Goon, Nicholas Graf, Mathew Graham, Rik Gran, Christopher Grant, Nick Grant, Herbert Greenlee, Leland Greenler, Sean Grullon, Elena Guardincerri, Victor Guarino, Evan Guarnaccia, Germano Guedes, Roxanne Guenette, Alberto Guglielmi, Marcelo M. Guzzo, Alec T. Habig, Robert W. Hackenburg, Haleh Hadavand, Alan Hahn, Martin Haigh, Todd Haines, Thomas Handler, Sunej Hans, Jeff Hartnell, John Harton, Robert Hatcher, Athans Hatzikoutelis, Steven Hays, Eric Hazen, Mike Headley, Anne Heavey, Karsten Heeger, Jaret Heise, Robert Hellauer, V Hewes, Alexander Himmel, Matthew Hogan, Pedro Holanda, Anna Holin, Glenn Horton-Smith, Joe Howell, Patrick Hurh, Joey Huston, James Hylen, Richard Imlay, Jonathan Insler, G. Introzzi, Zeynep Isvan, Chris Jackson, John Jacobsen, David E. Jaffe, Cat James, Chun-Min Jen, Marvin Johnson, Randy Johnson, Robert Johnson, Scott Johnson, William Johnston, John Johnstone, Ben J. P. Jones, H. Jostlein, Thomas Junk, Richard Kadel, Karl Kaess, Georgia Karagiorgi, Jarek Kaspar, Teppei Katori, Boris Kayser, Edward Kearns, Paul Keener, Ernesto Kemp, Steve H. Kettell, Mike Kirby, Joshua Klein, Gordon Koizumi, Sacha Kopp, Laura Kormos, William Kropp, Vitaly A. Kudryavtsev, Ashok Kumar, Jason Kumar, Thomas Kutter, Franco La Zia, Kenneth Lande, Charles Lane, Karol Lang, Francesco Lanni, Richard Lanza, Tony Latorre, John Learned, David Lee, Kevin Lee, Qizhong Li, Shaorui Li, Yichen Li, Zepeng Li, Jiang Libo, Steve Linden, Jiajie Ling, Jonathan Link, Laurence Littenberg, Hu Liu, Qiuguang Liu, Tiankuan Liu, John Losecco, William Louis, Byron Lundberg, Tracy Lundin, Jay Lundy, Ana Amelia Machado, Cara Maesano, Steve Magill, George Mahler, David Malon, Stephen Malys, Francesco Mammoliti, Samit Kumar Mandal, Anthony Mann, Paul Mantsch, Alberto Marchionni, William Marciano, Camillo Mariani, Jelena Maricic, Alysia Marino, Marvin Marshak, John Marshall, Shiegenobu Matsuno, Christopher Mauger, Konstantinos Mavrokoridis, Nate Mayer, Neil McCauley, Elaine McCluskey, Kirk McDonald, Kevin McFarland, David McKee, Robert McKeown, Robert McTaggart, Rashid Mehdiyev, Dongming Mei, A. Menegolli, Guang Meng, Yixiong Meng, David Mertins, Mark Messier, William Metcalf, Radovan Milincic, William Miller, Geoff Mills, Sanjib R. Mishra, Nikolai Mokhov, Claudio Montanari, David Montanari, Craig Moore, Jorge Morfin, Ben Morgan, William Morse, Zander Moss, Célio A. Moura, Stuart Mufson, David Muller, Jim Musser, Donna Naples, Jim Napolitano, Mitch Newcomer, Ryan Nichol, Tim Nicholls, Evan Niner, Barry Norris, Jaroslaw Nowak, Helen O'Keeffe, Roberto Oliveira, Travis Olson, Brian Page, Sandip Pakvasa, Ornella Palamara, Jon Paley, Vittorio Paolone, Vaia Papadimitriou, Seongtae Park, Zohreh Parsa, Kinga Partyka, Bob Paulos, Zarko Pavlovic, Simon Peeters, Andy Perch, Jon D. Perkin, Roberto Petti, Andre Petukhov, Francesco Pietropaolo, Robert Plunkett, Chris Polly, Stephen Pordes, Maxim Potekhin, Renato Potenza, Arati Prakash, Oleg Prokofiev, Xin Qian, Jennifer L. Raaf, Veljko Radeka, Igor Rakhno, Yorck Ramachers, Regina Rameika, John Ramsey, A. Rappoldi, G. L. Raselli, Peter Ratoff, Shreyas Ravindra, Brian Rebel, Juergen Reichenbacher, Dianne Reitzner, Sergio Rescia, Martin Richardson, Kieth Rielage, Kurt Riesselmann, Matt Robinson, Leon Rochester, Michael Ronquest, Marc Rosen, M. Rossella, Carlo Rubbia, Russ Rucinski, Sandeep Sahijpal, Himansu Sahoo, Paola Sala, Delia Salmiera, Nicholas Samios, Mayly Sanchez, Alberto Scaramelli, Heidi Schellman, Richard Schmitt, David Schmitz, Jack Schneps, Kate Scholberg, Ettore Segreto, Stanley Seibert, Liz Sexton-Kennedy, Mike Shaevitz, Peter Shanahan, Rahul Sharma, Terri Shaw, Nikolaos Simos, Venktesh Singh, Gus Sinnis, William Sippach, Tomasz Skwarnicki, Michael Smy, Henry Sobel, Mitch Soderberg, John Sondericker, Walter Sondheim, Alexandre Sousa, Neil J. C. Spooner, Michelle Stancari, Ion Stancu, Dorota Stefan, Andy Stefanik, James Stewart, Sheldon Stone, James Strait, Matthew Strait, Sergei Striganov, Gregory Sullivan, Yujing Sun, Louise Suter, Andrew Svenson, Robert Svoboda, Barbara Szczerbinska, Andrzej Szelc, Matthew Szydagis, Stefan Söldner-Rembold, Richard Talaga, Matthew Tamsett, Salman Tariq, Rex Tayloe, Charles Taylor, David Taylor, Artin Teymourian, Harry Themann, Matthew Thiesse, Jenny Thomas, Lee F. Thompson, Mark Thomson, Craig Thorn, Matt Thorpe, Xinchun Tian, Doug Tiedt, Walter Toki, Nikolai Tolich, M. Torti, Matt Toups, Christos Touramanis, Mani Tripathi, Igor Tropin, Yun-Tse Tsai, Craig Tull, Martin Tzanov, Jon Urheim, Shawn Usman, Mark Vagins, Gustavo Valdiviesso, Rick Van Berg, Richard Van de Water, Peter Van Gemmeren, Filippo Varanini, Gary Varner, Kamran Vaziri, Gueorgui Velev, Sandro Ventura, Chiara Vignoli, Brett Viren, Dan Wahl, Abby Waldron, Christopher W. Walter, Hanguo Wang, Wei Wang, Karl Warburton, David Warner, Ryan Wasserman, Blake Watson, Alfons Weber, Wenzhao Wei, Douglas Wells, Matthew Wetstein, Andy White, Hywel White, Lisa Whitehead, Denver Whittington, Joshua Willhite, Robert J. Wilson, Lindley Winslow, Kevin Wood, Elizabeth Worcester, Matthew Worcester, Tian Xin, Kevin Yarritu, Jingbo Ye, Minfang Yeh, Bo Yu, Jae Yu, Tianlu Yuan, A. Zani, Geralyn P. Zeller, Chao Zhang, Chao Zhang, Eric D. Zimmerman, Robert Zwaska

Snowmass2021 Cosmic Frontier: Synergies between dark matter searches and multiwavelength/multimessenger astrophysics

Shin'ichiro Ando, Sebastian Baum, Michael Boylan-Kolchin, Esra Bulbul, Michael Burgess, Ilias Cholis, Philip von Doetinchem, JiJi Fan, Patrick J. Harding, Shunsaku Horiuchi, Rebecca K. Leane, Oscar Macias, Katie Mack, Kohta Murase, Lina Necib, Ibles Olcina, Laura Olivera-Nieto, Jong-Chul Park, Kerstin Perez, Marco Regis, Nicholas L. Rodd, Carsten Rott, Kuver Sinha, Volodymyr Takhistov, Yun-Tse Tsai, Devin Walker

This whitepaper focuses on the astrophysical systematics which are encountered in dark matter searches. Oftentimes in indirect and also in direct dark matter searches, astrophysical systematics are a major limiting factor to sensitivity to dark matter. Just as there are many forms of dark matter searches, there are many forms of backgrounds. We attempt to cover the major systematics arising in dark matter searches using photons -- radio and gamma rays -- to cosmic rays, neutrinos and gravitational waves. Examples include astrophysical sources of cosmic messengers and their interactions which can mimic dark matter signatures. In turn, these depend on commensurate studies in understanding the cosmic environment -- gas distributions, magnetic field configurations -- as well as relevant nuclear astrophysics. We also cover the astrophysics governing celestial bodies and galaxies used to probe dark matter, from black holes to dwarf galaxies. Finally, we cover astrophysical backgrounds related to probing the dark matter distribution and kinematics, which impact a wide range of dark matter studies. In the future, the rise of multi-messenger astronomy, and novel analysis methods to exploit it for dark matter, will offer various strategic ways to continue to enhance our understanding of astrophysical backgrounds to deliver improved sensitivity to dark matter.

Snowmass 2021 White Paper: Cosmogenic Dark Matter and Exotic Particle Searches in Neutrino Experiments

J. Berger, D. Brailsford, K. Choi, J. I. Crespo-Anadón, Y. Cui, A. Das, J. A. Dror, A. Habig, Y. Itow, E. Kearns, D. Kim, J. -C. Park, G. Petrillo, C. Rott, M. Sen, V. Takhistov, Y. -T. Tsai, J. Yu

The signals from outer space and their detection have been playing an important role in particle physics, especially in discoveries of and searches for physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM); beyond the evidence of dark matter (DM), for example, the neutrinos produced from the dark matter annihilation is important for the indirect DM searches. Moreover, a wide range of new, well-motivated physics models and dark-sector scenarios have been proposed in the last decade, predicting cosmogenic signals complementary to those in the conventional direct detection of particle-like dark matter. Most notably, various mechanisms to produce (semi-)relativistic DM particles in the present universe (e.g. boosted dark matter) have been put forward, while being consistent with current observational and experimental constraints on DM. The resulting signals often have less intense and more energetic fluxes, to which underground, kiloton-scale neutrino detectors can be readily sensitive. In addition, the scattering of slow-moving DM can give rise to a sizable energy deposit if the underlying dark-sector model allows for a large mass difference between the initial and final state particles, and the neutrino experiments with large volume detectors are well suited for exploring these opportunities. This White Paper is devoted to discussing the scientific importance of the cosmogenic dark matter and exotic particle searches, not only overviewing the recent efforts in both the theory and the experiment communities but also providing future perspectives and directions on this research branch. A landscape of technologies used in neutrino detectors and their complementarity is discussed, and the current and developing analysis strategies are outlined.