Matt Pyle, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano, Bernard Sadoulet
The baseline energy-resolution performance for the current generation of large-mass, low-temperature calorimeters (utilizing TES and NTD sensor technologies) is $>2$ orders of magnitude worse than theoretical predictions. A detailed study of several calorimetric detectors suggests that a mismatch between the sensor and signal bandwidths is the primary reason for suppressed sensitivity. With this understanding, we propose a detector design in which a thin-film Au pad is directly deposited onto a massive absorber that is then thermally linked to a separately fabricated TES chip via an Au wirebond, providing large electron-phonon coupling (i.e. high signal bandwidth), ease of fabrication, and cosmogenic background suppression. Interestingly, this design strategy is fully compatible with the use of hygroscopic crystals (NaI) as absorbers. An 80-mm diameter Si light detector based upon these design principles, with potential use in both dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay, has an estimated baseline energy resolution of 0.35 eV, 20$\times$ better than currently achievable. A 1.75 kg ZnMoO$_{4}$ large-mass calorimeter would have a 3.5 eV baseline resolution, 1000$\times$ better than currently achieved with NTDs with an estimated position dependence $\frac{ΔE}{E}$ of 6$\times$10$^{-4}$. Such minimal position dependence is made possible by forcing the sensor bandwidth to be much smaller than the signal bandwidth. Further, intrinsic event timing resolution is estimated to be $\sim$170 $μ$s for 3 MeV recoils in the phonon detector, satisfying the event-rate requirements of large $Q_{ββ}$ next-generation neutrinoless double beta decay experiments. Quiescent bias power for both of these designs is found to be significantly larger than parasitic power loads achieved in the SPICA/SAFARI infrared bolometers.
R. Agnese, A. J. Anderson, T. Aramaki, I. Arnquist, W. Baker, D. Barker, R. Basu Thakur, D. A. Bauer, A. Borgland, M. A. Bowles, P. L. Brink, R. Bunker, B. Cabrera, D. O. Caldwell, R. Calkins, C. Cartaro, D. G. Cerdeño, H. Chagani, Y. Chen, J. Cooley, B. Cornell, P. Cushman, M. Daal, P. C. F. Di Stefano, T. Doughty, L. Esteban, S. Fallows, E. Figueroa-Feliciano, M. Fritts, G. Gerbier, M. Ghaith, G. L. Godfrey, S. R. Golwala, J. Hall, H. R. Harris, T. Hofer, D. Holmgren, Z. Hong, E. Hoppe, L. Hsu, M. E. Huber, V. Iyer, D. Jardin, A. Jastram, M. H. Kelsey, A. Kennedy, A. Kubik, N. A. Kurinsky, A. Leder, B. Loer, E. Lopez Asamar, P. Lukens, R. Mahapatra, V. Mandic, N. Mast, N. Mirabolfathi, R. A. Moffatt, J. D. Morales Mendoza, J. L. Orrell, S. M. Oser, K. Page, W. A. Page, R. Partridge, M. Pepin, A. Phipps, S. Poudel, M. Pyle, H. Qiu, W. Rau, P. Redl, A. Reisetter, A. Roberts, A. E. Robinson, H. E. Rogers, T. Saab, B. Sadoulet, J. Sander, K. Schneck, R. W. Schnee, B. Serfass, D. Speller, M. Stein, J. Street, H. A. Tanaka, D. Toback, R. Underwood, A. N. Villano, B. von Krosigk, B. Welliver, J. S. Wilson, D. H. Wright, S. Yellin, J. J. Yen, B. A. Young, X. Zhang, X. Zhao
SuperCDMS SNOLAB will be a next-generation experiment aimed at directly detecting low-mass (< 10 GeV/c$^2$) particles that may constitute dark matter by using cryogenic detectors of two types (HV and iZIP) and two target materials (germanium and silicon). The experiment is being designed with an initial sensitivity to nuclear recoil cross sections ~ 1 x 10$^{-43}$ cm$^2$ for a dark matter particle mass of 1 GeV/c$^2$, and with capacity to continue exploration to both smaller masses and better sensitivities. The phonon sensitivity of the HV detectors will be sufficient to detect nuclear recoils from sub-GeV dark matter. A detailed calibration of the detector response to low energy recoils will be needed to optimize running conditions of the HV detectors and to interpret their data for dark matter searches. Low-activity shielding, and the depth of SNOLAB, will reduce most backgrounds, but cosmogenically produced $^{3}$H and naturally occurring $^{32}$Si will be present in the detectors at some level. Even if these backgrounds are x10 higher than expected, the science reach of the HV detectors would be over three orders of magnitude beyond current results for a dark matter mass of 1 GeV/c$^2$. The iZIP detectors are relatively insensitive to variations in detector response and backgrounds, and will provide better sensitivity for dark matter particle masses (> 5 GeV/c$^2$). The mix of detector types (HV and iZIP), and targets (germanium and silicon), planned for the experiment, as well as flexibility in how the detectors are operated, will allow us to maximize the low-mass reach, and understand the backgrounds that the experiment will encounter. Upgrades to the experiment, perhaps with a variety of ultra-low-background cryogenic detectors, will extend dark matter sensitivity down to the "neutrino floor", where coherent scatters of solar neutrinos become a limiting background.
M. Pyle, D. A. Bauer, B. Cabrera, J. Hall, R. W. Schnee, R. Basu Thakur, S. Yellin
Jan 18, 2012·astro-ph.IM·PDF Amplifying the phonon signal in a semiconductor dark matter detector can be accomplished by operating at high voltage bias and converting the electrostatic potential energy into Luke-Neganov phonons. This amplification method has been validated at up to |E|=40V/cm without producing leakage in CDMSII Ge detectors, allowing sensitivity to a benchmark WIMP with mass = 8GeV and cross section 1.8e-42cm^2 assuming flat electronic recoil backgrounds near threshold. Furthermore, for the first time we show that differences in Luke-Neganov gain for nuclear and electronic recoils can be used to discriminate statistically between low-energy background and a hypothetical WIMP signal by operating at two distinct voltage biases. Specifically, 99% of events have p-value<1e-8 for a simulated 20kg-day experiment with a benchmark WIMP signal with mass =8GeV and cross section =3.3e-41cm^2.
CPD Collaboration, C. W. Fink, S. L. Watkins, T. Aramaki, P. L. Brink, J. Camilleri, X. Defay, S. Ganjam, Yu. G. Kolomensky, R. Mahapatra, N. Mirabolfathi, W. A. Page, R. Partridge, M. Platt, M. Pyle, B. Sadoulet, B. Serfass, S. Zuber
We present the design and characterization of a large-area Cryogenic PhotoDetector (CPD) designed for active particle identification in rare event searches, such as neutrinoless double beta decay and dark matter experiments. The detector consists of a $45.6$ $\mathrm{cm}^2$ surface area by 1-mm-thick $10.6$ $\mathrm{g}$ Si wafer. It is instrumented with a distributed network of Quasiparticle-trap-assisted Electrothermal feedback Transition-edge sensors (QETs) with superconducting critical temperature $T_c=41.5$ $\mathrm{mK}$ to measure athermal phonons released from interactions with photons. The detector is characterized and calibrated with a collimated $^{55}$Fe X-ray source incident on the center of the detector. The noise equivalent power is measured to be $1\times 10^{-17}$ $\mathrm{W}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ in a bandwidth of $2.7$ $\mathrm{kHz}$. The baseline energy resolution is measured to be $σ_E = 3.86 \pm 0.04$ $(\mathrm{stat.})^{+0.23}_{-0.00}$ $(\mathrm{syst.})$ $\mathrm{eV}$ (RMS). The detector also has an expected timing resolution of $σ_t = 2.3$ $μ\mathrm{s}$ for $5$ $σ_E$ events.
Julien Billard, Matt Pyle, Surjeet Rajendran, Harikrishnan Ramani
Dark matter direct detection experiments are designed to look for the scattering of dark matter particles that are assumed to move with virial velocities $\sim 10^{-3}$. At these velocities, the energy deposition in the detector is large enough to cause ionization/scintillation, forming the primary class of signatures looked for in such experiments. These experiments are blind to a large class of dark matter models where the dark matter has relatively large scattering cross-sections with the standard model, resulting in the dark matter undergoing multiple scattering with the atmosphere and the rock overburden, and thus slowing down considerably before arriving at underground detectors. We propose to search for these kinds of dark matter by looking for the anomalous heating of a well shielded and sensitive calorimeter. In this detector concept, the dark matter is thermalized with the rock overburden but is able to pierce through the thermal shields of the detector causing anomalous heating. Using the technologies under development for EDELWEISS and SuperCDMS, we estimate the sensitivity of such a calorimetric detector. In addition to models with large dark matter - standard model interactions, these detectors also have the ability to probe dark photon dark matter.
Simon Knapen, Tongyan Lin, Matt Pyle, Kathryn M. Zurek
We show that polar materials are excellent targets for direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter due to the presence of gapped optical phonons as well as acoustic phonons with high sound speed. We take the example of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), which has the properties needed for experimental realization, and where many results can be estimated analytically. We find GaAs has excellent reach to dark photon absorption, can completely cover the freeze-in benchmark for scattering via an ultralight dark photon, and is competitive with other proposals to detect sub-MeV dark matter scattering off nuclei.
Noah Kurinsky, Paul Brink, Richard Partridge, Blas Cabrera, Matt Pyle
We present the technical design for the SuperCDMS high-voltage, low-mass dark matter detectors, designed to be sensitive to dark matter down to 300 MeV/$c^2$ in mass and resolve individual electron-hole pairs from low-energy scattering events in high-purity Ge and Si crystals. In this paper we discuss some of the studies and technological improvements which have allowed us to design such a sensitive detector, including advances in phonon sensor design and detector simulation. With this design we expect to achieve better than 10 eV (5 eV) phonon energy resolution in our Ge (Si) detectors, and recoil energy resolution below 1eV by exploiting Luke-Neganov phonon generation of charges accelerated in high fields.
Phillip S. Barbeau, Petra Merkel, Jinlong Zhang, Darin Acosta, Anthony A. Affolder, Artur Apresyan, Marina Artuso, Vallary Bhopatkar, Stephen Butalla, Gabriella A. Carini, Thomas Cecil, Amy Connolly, C. Eric Dahl, Allison Deiana, Katherine Dunne, Carlos O. Escobar, Juan Estrada, Farah Fahim, James E. Fast, Maurice Garcia-Sciveres, Roxanne Guenette, Michael T. Hedges, Kent Irwin, Albrecht Karle, Wes Ketchum, Scott Kravitz, W. Hugh Lippincott, Reina H. Maruyama, Jess McIver, F. Mitchell Newcomer, John Parsons, Matt Pyle, Jennifer L. Raaf, Chris Rogan, Mayly C. Sanchez, Ian Shipsey, Bernd Surrow, Maxim Titov, Sven E. Vahsen, Caterina Vernieri, Andrew P. White, Steven Worm, Minfang Yeh, Rachel Yohay, Jacob Zettlemoyer
Detector instrumentation is at the heart of scientific discoveries. Cutting edge technologies enable US particle physics to play a leading role worldwide. This report summarizes the current status of instrumentation for High Energy Physics (HEP), the challenges and needs of future experiments and indicates high priority research areas. The Snowmass Instrumentation Frontier studies detector technologies and Research and Development (R&D) needed for future experiments in collider physics, neutrino physics, rare and precision physics and at the cosmic frontier. It is divided into more or less diagonal areas with some overlap among a few of them. We lay out five high-level key messages that are geared towards ensuring the health and competitiveness of the US detector instrumentation community, and thus the entire particle physics landscape.
Aaron Chou, Kent Irwin, Reina H. Maruyama, Oliver K. Baker, Chelsea Bartram, Karl K. Berggren, Gustavo Cancelo, Daniel Carney, Clarence L. Chang, Hsiao-Mei Cho, Maurice Garcia-Sciveres, Peter W. Graham, Salman Habib, Roni Harnik, J. G. E. Harris, Scott A. Hertel, David B. Hume, Rakshya Khatiwada, Timothy L. Kovachy, Noah Kurinsky, Steve K. Lamoreaux, Konrad W. Lehnert, David R. Leibrandt, Dale Li, Ben Loer, Julián Martínez-Rincón, Lee McCuller, David C. Moore, Holger Mueller, Cristian Pena, Raphael C. Pooser, Matt Pyle, Surjeet Rajendran, Marianna S. Safronova, David I. Schuster, Matthew D. Shaw, Maria Spiropulu, Paul Stankus, Alexander O. Sushkov, Lindley Winslow, Si Xie, Kathryn M. Zurek
Strong motivation for investing in quantum sensing arises from the need to investigate phenomena that are very weakly coupled to the matter and fields well described by the Standard Model. These can be related to the problems of dark matter, dark sectors not necessarily related to dark matter (for example sterile neutrinos), dark energy and gravity, fundamental constants, and problems with the Standard Model itself including the Strong CP problem in QCD. Resulting experimental needs typically involve the measurement of very low energy impulses or low power periodic signals that are normally buried under large backgrounds. This report documents the findings of the 2023 Quantum Sensors for High Energy Physics workshop which identified enabling quantum information science technologies that could be utilized in future particle physics experiments, targeting high energy physics science goals.
Robert Agnese, Taylor Aralis, Tsuguo Aramaki, Isaac Arnquist, Elham Azadbakht, William Baker, Samir Banik, D'Ann Barker, Dan Bauer, Thomas Binder, Michael Bowles, Paul Brink, Ray Bunker, Blas Cabrera, Robert Calkins, Concetta Cartaro, David Cerdeno, Yen-Yung Chang, Jodi Cooley, Brett Cornell, Priscilla Cushman, Philippe Di Stefano, Todd Doughty, Eleanor Fascione, Tali Figueroa, Caleb Fink, Matt Fritts, Gilles Gerbier, Richard Germond, Muad Ghaith, Sunil Golwala, Rusty Harris, Ziqing Hong, Eric Hoppe, Lauren Hsu, Martin Huber, Vijay Iyer, Dan Jardin, Chitrasen Jena, Michael Kelsey, Allison Kennedy, Andrew Kubik, Noah Kurinsky, Richard Lawrence, Ben Loer, Elias Lopez-Asamar, Pat Lukens, Danika MacDonell, Rupak Mahapatra, Vuk Mandic, Nicholas Mast, Eric Miller, Nader Mirabolfathi, Bedangadas Mohanty, Jorge Morales, Jack Nelson, John Orrell, Scott Oser, William Page, Richard Partridge, Mark Pepin, Francisco Ponce, Sudip Poudel, Matt Pyle, Hang Qiu, Wolfgang Rau, Angela Reisetter, Tom Ren, Tyler Reynolds, Amy Roberts, Alan Robinson, Hannah Rogers, Tarek Saab, Bernard Sadoulet, Joel Sander, Andrew Scarff, Richard Schnee, Silvia Scorza, Kartik Senapati, Bruno Serfass, Danielle Speller, Matthew Stein, Joseph Street, Hirohisa Tanaka, David Toback, Ryan Underwood, Anthony Villano, Belina von Krosigk, Samuel Watkins, Jon Wilson, Matthew Wilson, Joshua Winchell, Dennis Wright, Steve Yellin, Betty Young, Xiaohe Zhang, Xuji Zhao
The Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search experiment (SuperCDMS) at the Soudan Underground Laboratory studied energy loss associated with Frenkel defect formation in germanium crystals at mK temperatures using in situ $^{210}$Pb sources. We examine the spectrum of $^{206}$Pb nuclear recoils near its expected 103 keV endpoint energy and determine an energy loss of $\left(6.08\pm0.18\right)$ %, which we attribute to defect formation. From this result and using TRIM simulations, we extract the first experimentally determined average displacement threshold energy of $\left(19.7^{+0.6}_{-0.5}\right)$ eV for germanium. This has implications for the analysis thresholds of future germanium-based dark matter searches.
Xinran Li, Matt Pyle, Bernard Sadoulet
The characteristic energy of a relic dark matter interaction with a detector scales strongly with the putative dark matter mass. Consequently, experimental search sensitivity at the lightest masses will always come from interactions whose size is similar to noise fluctuations and low energy backgrounds in the detector. In this paper, we correctly calculate the net change in measured differential rate due to signal interactions that overlap in time with noise and backgrounds, accounting for both periods of time when the signal is coincident with noise/backgrounds and for the decreased amount of time in which only noise/backgrounds occur. Previous experimental searches have not accounted for this second fundamental effect, and thus either vastly overestimate their experimental search sensitivity (very bad) or use ad hoc conservative cuts which can underestimate experimental sensitivity (not ideal). We find that the detector response to dark matter can be trivially and conservatively understood as long as the true probability of dark matter pileup is small. We also show that introducing random events in the continuous raw data stream (a form of ``salting") provides a correct and practical implementation that correctly accounts for the decreased live time available for noise fluctuations and background events out of coincidence with a true dark matter signal.
Thomas Cecil, Kent Irwin, Reina Maruyama, Matt Pyle, Silvia Zorzetti
Quantum Sensors offer great potential for providing enhanced sensitivity in high energy physics experiments. In this report we provide a summary of key quantum sensors technologies - interferometers, optomechanics, and clocks; spin dependent sensors; superconducting sensors; and quantum calorimeters - highlighting existing experiments along with areas for development. We also provide a set of key messages intended to further advance the state of quantum sensors used for high energy physics specific applications.
Robin Anthony-Petersen, Andreas Biekert, Raymond Bunker, Clarence L. Chang, Yen-Yung Chang, Luke Chaplinsky, Eleanor Fascione, Caleb W. Fink, Maurice Garcia-Sciveres, Richard Germond, Wei Guo, Scott A. Hertel, Ziqing Hong, Noah Kurinsky, Xinran Li, Junsong Lin, Marharyta Lisovenko, Rupak Mahapatra, Adam Mayer, Daniel N. McKinsey, Siddhant Mehrotra, Nader Mirabolfathi, Brian Neblosky, William A. Page, Pratyush K. Patel, Bjoern Penning, H. Douglas Pinckney, Mark Platt, Matt Pyle, Maggie Reed, Roger K. Romani, Hadley Santana Queiroz, Bernard Sadoulet, Bruno Serfass, Ryan Smith, Peter F. Sorensen, Burkhant Suerfu, Aritoki Suzuki, Ryan Underwood, Vetri Velan, Gensheng Wang, Yue Wang, Samuel L. Watkins, Michael R. Williams, Volodymyr Yefremenko, Jianjie Zhang
The performance of superconducting qubits is degraded by a poorly characterized set of energy sources breaking the Cooper pairs responsible for superconductivity, creating a condition often called ``quasiparticle poisoning". Both superconducting qubits and low threshold dark matter calorimeters have observed excess bursts of quasiparticles or phonons that decrease in rate with time. Here, we show that a silicon crystal glued to its holder exhibits a rate of low-energy phonon events that is more than two orders of magnitude larger than in a functionally identical crystal suspended from its holder in a low-stress state. The excess phonon event rate in the glued crystal decreases with time since cooldown, consistent with a source of phonon bursts which contributes to quasiparticle poisoning in quantum circuits and the low-energy events observed in cryogenic calorimeters. We argue that relaxation of thermally induced stress between the glue and crystal is the source of these events.
Yonit Hochberg, Matt Pyle, Yue Zhao, Kathryn M. Zurek
We examine in greater detail the recent proposal of using superconductors for detecting dark matter as light as the warm dark matter limit of O(keV). Detection of such light dark matter is possible if the entire kinetic energy of the dark matter is extracted in the scattering, and if the experiment is sensitive to O(meV) energy depositions. This is the case for Fermi-degenerate materials in which the Fermi velocity exceeds the dark matter velocity dispersion in the Milky Way of ~10^-3. We focus on a concrete experimental proposal using a superconducting target with a transition edge sensor in order to detect the small energy deposits from the dark matter scatterings. Considering a wide variety of constraints, from dark matter self-interactions to the cosmic microwave background, we show that models consistent with cosmological/astrophysical and terrestrial constraints are observable with such detectors. A wider range of viable models with dark matter mass below an MeV is available if dark matter or mediator properties (such as couplings or masses) differ at BBN epoch or in stellar interiors from those in superconductors. We also show that metal targets pay a strong in-medium suppression for kinetically mixed mediators; this suppression is alleviated with insulating targets.
SuperCDMS Collaboration, Musaab Al-Bakry, Imran Alkhatib, Dorian Praia do Amaral, Taylor Aralis, Tsuguo Aramaki, Isaac Arnquist, Iman Ataee Langroudy, Elham Azadbakht, Samir Banik, Corey Bathurst, Dan Bauer, Lucas Bezerra, Rik Bhattacharyya, Paul Brink, Ray Bunker, Blas Cabrera, Robert Calkins, Robert Cameron, Concetta Cartaro, David Cerdeno, Yen-Yung Chang, Mouli Chaudhuri, Ran Chen, Nicholas Chott, Jodi Cooley, Harrison Coombes, Jonathan Corbett, Priscilla Cushman, François De Brienne, Sukeerthi Dharani, Maria Laura di Vacri, Miriam Diamond, Eleanor Fascione, Enectali Figueroa, Caleb Fink, Ken Fouts, Matt Fritts, Gilles Gerbier, Richard Germond, Muad Ghaith, Sunil Golwala, Jeter Hall, Noah Hassan, Bruce Hines, Matt Hollister, Ziqing Hong, Eric Hoppe, Lauren Hsu, Martin Huber, Vijay Iyer, Daniel Jardin, Andrew Jastram, Varchaswi Kashyap, Michael Kelsey, Andrew Kubik, Noah Kurinsky, Richard Lawrence, Matthew Lee, Ashley Li, Jasmine Liu, Yan Liu, Ben Loer, Pat Lukens, David MacFarlane, Rupak Mahapatra, Vuk Mandic, Nicholas Mast, Adam Mayer, Hanno Meyer zu Theenhausen, Émile Michaud, Emanuele Michielin, Nader Mirabolfathi, Bedangadas Mohanty, Serge Nagorny, Jack Nelson, Himangshu Neog, Valentina Novati, John Orrell, McKay Osborne, Scott Oser, William Page, Richard Partridge, David S. Pedreros, Ruslan Podviianiuk, Francisco Ponce, Sudip Poudel, Aditi Pradeep, Matt Pyle, Wolfgang Rau, Elliott Reid, Tom Ren, Tyler Reynolds, Amy Roberts, Alan Robinson, Tarek Saab, Bernard Sadoulet, Ishwita Saikia, Joel Sander, Ata Sattari, Benjamin Schmidt, Richard Schnee, Silvia Scorza, Bruno Serfass, Sagar Sharma Poudel, Derek Sincavage, Chris Stanford, Joseph Street, Huanbo Sun, Fatema Thasrawala, David Toback, Ryan Underwood, Shubham Verma, Anthony Villano, Belina von Krosigk, Samuel Watkins, Osmond Wen, Zachary Williams, Matthew Wilson, Joshua Winchell, Chih-pan Wu, Kevin Wykoff, Steve Yellin, Betty Young, To Chin Yu, Birgit Zatschler, Stefan Zatschler, Alexander Zaytsev, Enze Zhang, Lei Zheng, Summer Zuber
Jim Alexander, Marco Battaglieri, Bertrand Echenard, Rouven Essig, Matthew Graham, Eder Izaguirre, John Jaros, Gordan Krnjaic, Jeremy Mardon, David Morrissey, Tim Nelson, Maxim Perelstein, Matt Pyle, Adam Ritz, Philip Schuster, Brian Shuve, Natalia Toro, Richard G Van De Water, Daniel Akerib, Haipeng An, Konrad Aniol, Isaac J. Arnquist, David M. Asner, Henning O. Back, Keith Baker, Nathan Baltzell, Dipanwita Banerjee, Brian Batell, Daniel Bauer, James Beacham, Jay Benesch, James Bjorken, Nikita Blinov, Celine Boehm, Mariangela Bondí, Walter Bonivento, Fabio Bossi, Stanley J. Brodsky, Ran Budnik, Stephen Bueltmann, Masroor H. Bukhari, Raymond Bunker, Massimo Carpinelli, Concetta Cartaro, David Cassel, Gianluca Cavoto, Andrea Celentano, Animesh Chaterjee, Saptarshi Chaudhuri, Gabriele Chiodini, Hsiao-Mei Sherry Cho, Eric D. Church, D. A. Cooke, Jodi Cooley, Robert Cooper, Ross Corliss, Paolo Crivelli, Francesca Curciarello, Annalisa D'Angelo, Hooman Davoudiasl, Marzio De Napoli, Raffaella De Vita, Achim Denig, Patrick deNiverville, Abhay Deshpande, Ranjan Dharmapalan, Bogdan Dobrescu, Sergey Donskov, Raphael Dupre, Juan Estrada, Stuart Fegan, Torben Ferber, Clive Field, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano, Alessandra Filippi, Bartosz Fornal, Arne Freyberger, Alexander Friedland, Iftach Galon, Susan Gardner, Francois-Xavier Girod, Sergei Gninenko, Andrey Golutvin, Stefania Gori, Christoph Grab, Enrico Graziani, Keith Griffioen, Andrew Haas, Keisuke Harigaya, Christopher Hearty, Scott Hertel, JoAnne Hewett, Andrew Hime, David Hitlin, Yonit Hochberg, Roy J. Holt, Maurik Holtrop, Eric W. Hoppe, Todd W. Hossbach, Lauren Hsu, Phil Ilten, Joe Incandela, Gianluca Inguglia, Kent Irwin, Igal Jaegle, Robert P. Johnson, Yonatan Kahn, Grzegorz Kalicy, Zhong-Bo Kang, Vardan Khachatryan, Venelin Kozhuharov, N. V. Krasnikov, Valery Kubarovsky, Eric Kuflik, Noah Kurinsky, Ranjan Laha, Gaia Lanfranchi, Dale Li, Tongyan Lin, Mariangela Lisanti, Kun Liu, Ming Liu, Ben Loer, Dinesh Loomba, Valery E. Lyubovitskij, Aaron Manalaysay, Giuseppe Mandaglio, Jeremiah Mans, W. J. Marciano, Thomas Markiewicz, Luca Marsicano, Takashi Maruyama, Victor A. Matveev, David McKeen, Bryan McKinnon, Dan McKinsey, Harald Merkel, Jeremy Mock, Maria Elena Monzani, Omar Moreno, Corina Nantais, Sebouh Paul, Michael Peskin, Vladimir Poliakov, Antonio D Polosa, Maxim Pospelov, Igor Rachek, Balint Radics, Mauro Raggi, Nunzio Randazzo, Blair Ratcliff, Alessandro Rizzo, Thomas Rizzo, Alan Robinson, Andre Rubbia, David Rubin, Dylan Rueter, Tarek Saab, Elena Santopinto, Richard Schnee, Jessie Shelton, Gabriele Simi, Ani Simonyan, Valeria Sipala, Oren Slone, Elton Smith, Daniel Snowden-Ifft, Matthew Solt, Peter Sorensen, Yotam Soreq, Stefania Spagnolo, James Spencer, Stepan Stepanyan, Jan Strube, Michael Sullivan, Arun S. Tadepalli, Tim Tait, Mauro Taiuti, Philip Tanedo, Rex Tayloe, Jesse Thaler, Nhan V. Tran, Sean Tulin, Christopher G. Tully, Sho Uemura, Maurizio Ungaro, Paolo Valente, Holly Vance, Jerry Vavra, Tomer Volansky, Belina von Krosigk, Andrew Whitbeck, Mike Williams, Peter Wittich, Bogdan Wojtsekhowski, Wei Xue, Jong Min Yoon, Hai-Bo Yu, Jaehoon Yu, Tien-Tien Yu, Yue Zhang, Yue Zhao, Yiming Zhong, Kathryn Zurek
Robin Anthony-Petersen, Clarence L. Chang, Yen-Yung Chang, Luke Chaplinsky, Caleb W. Fink, Maurice Garcia-Sciveres, Wei Guo, Scott A. Hertel, Xinran Li, Junsong Lin, Marharyta Lisovenko, Rupak Mahapatra, William Matava, Daniel N. McKinsey, David Z. Osterman, Pratyush K. Patel, Bjoern Penning, Mark Platt, Matt Pyle, Yinghe Qi, Maggie Reed, Ivar Rydstrom, Roger K. Romani, Bernard Sadoulet, Bruno Serfass, Peter Sorensen, Burkhant Suerfu, Vetri Velan, Gensheng Wang, Yue Wang, Samuel L. Watkins, Michael R. Williams
We describe observations of low energy excess (LEE) events, background events observed in all light dark matter direct detection calorimeters, and noise in a Transition Edge Sensor based two-channel silicon athermal phonon detector with 375 meV baseline energy resolution. We measure two distinct LEE populations: ``shared'' multichannel events with a pulse shape consistent with substrate athermal phonon events, and sub-eV events that couple nearly exclusively to a single channel with a significantly faster pulse shape. These ``singles'' are consistent with events occurring within the aluminum athermal phonon collection fins. Similarly, our measured detector noise is higher than the theoretical expectation. Measured noise can be split into an uncorrelated component, consistent with shot noise from small energy depositions within the athermal phonon sensor itself, and a correlated component, consistent with shot noise from energy depositions within the silicon substrate's phonon system.
Roger K. Romani, Yen-Yung Chang, Rupak Mahapatra, Mark Platt, Maggie Reed, Ivar Rydstrom, Bernard Sadoulet, Bruno Serfass, Matt Pyle
Experimental searches for axions or dark photons that couple to the standard model photon require photosensors with low noise, broadband sensitivity, and near zero backgrounds. Here, we introduce an experimental architecture, in which a small photon sensor, in our case a Transition Edge Sensor (TES) with a photon energy resolution $σ_γ= 368.4 \pm 0.4$ meV, is colocated on the same substrate as a large high sensitivity athermal phonon sensor (APS) with a phonon energy resolution $σ_\mathrm{phonon} = 701 \pm 2$ meV. We show that single 3.061 eV photons absorbed in the photon-sensing TES deposit $\sim$35\% of their energy in the electronic system of the TES, while $\sim$26\% of the photon energy leaks out of the photon-sensing TES during the downconversion process and becomes absorbed by the APS. Backgrounds, which we associate with the broadly observed ``low energy excess'' (LEE), are observed to be largely coupled to either the TES (``singles'' LEE), or phonon system, (``shared'' LEE). At high energies, these backgrounds can be efficiently discriminated from TES photon absorption events, while at low energies, their misidentification as photon events is well modeled. With significant sensitivity improvements to both the TES and APS, this coincidence technique could be used to suppress backgrounds in bosonic dark matter searches down to energies near the superconducting bandgap of the sensor.