Shreya Anand, Michael W. Coughlin, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Mattia Bulla, Tomás Ahumada, Ana Sagués Carracedo, Mouza Almualla, Igor Andreoni, Robert Stein, Francois Foucart, Leo P. Singer, Jesper Sollerman, Eric C. Bellm, Bryce Bolin, M. D. Caballero-García, Alberto J. Castro-Tirado, S. Bradley Cenko, Kishalay De, Richard G. Dekany, Dmitry A. Duev, Michael Feeney, Christoffer Fremling, Daniel A. Goldstein, V. Zach Golkhou, Matthew J. Graham, Nidhal Guessoum, Matthew J. Hankins, Youdong Hu, Albert K. H. Kong, Erik C. Kool, S. R. Kulkarni, Harsh Kumar, Russ R. Laher, Frank J. Masci, Przemek Mróz, Samaya Nissanke, Michael Porter, Simeon Reusch, Reed Riddle, Philippe Rosnet, Ben Rusholme, Eugene Serabyn, R. Sánchez-Ramírez, Mickael Rigault, David L. Shupe, Roger Smith, Maayane T. Soumagnac, Richard Walters, Azamat F. Valeev
Sep 14, 2020·astro-ph.HE·PDF LIGO and Virgo's third observing run (O3) revealed the first neutron star-black hole (NSBH) merger candidates in gravitational waves. These events are predicted to synthesize r-process elements creating optical/near-IR "kilonova" (KN) emission. The joint gravitational-wave (GW) and electromagnetic detection of an NSBH merger could be used to constrain the equation of state of dense nuclear matter, and independently measure the local expansion rate of the universe. Here, we present the optical follow-up and analysis of two of the only three high-significance NSBH merger candidates detected to date, S200105ae and S200115j, with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). ZTF observed $\sim$\,48\% of S200105ae and $\sim$\,22\% of S200115j's localization probabilities, with observations sensitive to KNe brighter than $-$17.5\,mag fading at 0.5\,mag/day in g- and r-bands; extensive searches and systematic follow-up of candidates did not yield a viable counterpart. We present state-of-the-art KN models tailored to NSBH systems that place constraints on the ejecta properties of these NSBH mergers. We show that with depths of $\rm m_{\rm AB}\approx 22$ mag, attainable in meter-class, wide field-of-view survey instruments, strong constraints on ejecta mass are possible, with the potential to rule out low mass ratios, high BH spins, and large neutron star radii.
Ilaria Caiazzo, Kevin B. Burdge, James Fuller, Jeremy Heyl, S. R. Kulkarni, Thomas A. Prince, Harvey B. Richer, Josiah Schwab, Igor Andreoni, Eric C. Bellm, Andrew Drake, Dmitry A. Duev, Matthew J. Graham, George Helou, Ashish A. Mahabal, Frank J. Masci, Roger Smith, Maayane T. Soumagnac
Jul 18, 2021·astro-ph.SR·PDF White dwarfs represent the last stage of evolution of stars with mass less than about eight times that of the Sun and, like other stars, are often found in binaries. If the orbital period of the binary is short enough, energy losses from gravitational-wave radiation can shrink the orbit until the two white dwarfs come into contact and merge. Depending on the component masses, the merger can lead to a supernova of type Ia or result in a massive white dwarf. In the latter case, the white dwarf remnant is expected to be highly magnetised because of the strong magnetic dynamo that should arise during the merger, and be rapidly spinning from the conservation of the orbital angular momentum. Here we report observations of a white dwarf, ZTF J190132.9+145808.7, that exhibits these properties, but to an extreme: a rotation period of 6.94 minutes, a magnetic field ranging between 600 megagauss and 900 megagauss over its surface, and a stellar radius of about 2,100 km, slightly larger than the radius of the Moon. Such a small radius implies that the star's mass is close to the maximum white-dwarf mass, or Chandrasekhar mass. ZTF J190132.9+145808.7 is likely to be cooling through the Urca processes (neutrino emission from electron capture on sodium) because of the high densities reached in its core.
Sjoert van Velzen, Suvi Gezari, Erica Hammerstein, Nathaniel Roth, Sara Frederick, Charlotte Ward, Tiara Hung, S. Bradley Cenko, Robert Stein, Daniel A. Perley, Kirsty Taggart, Jesper Sollerman, Igor Andreoni, Eric C. Bellm, Valery Brinnel, Kishalay De, Richard Dekany, Michael Feeney, Ryan J. Foley, Christoffer Fremling, Matteo Giomi, V. Zach Golkhou, Anna. Y. Q. Ho, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Charles D. Kilpatrick, Shrinivas R. Kulkarni, Thomas Kupfer, Russ R. Laher, Ashish Mahabal, Frank J. Masci, Jakob Nordin, Reed Riddle, Ben Rusholme, Yashvi Sharma, Jakob van Santen, David L. Shupe, Maayane T. Soumagnac
While tidal disruption events (TDEs) have long been heralded as laboratories for the study of quiescent black holes, the small number of known TDEs and uncertainties in their emission mechanism have hindered progress towards this promise. Here present 17 new TDEs that have been detected recently by the Zwicky Transient Facility along with Swift UV and X-ray follow-up observations. Our homogeneous analysis of the optical/UV light curves, including 22 previously known TDEs from the literature, reveals a clean separation of light curve properties with spectroscopic class. The TDEs with Bowen fluorescence features in their optical spectra have smaller blackbody radii, as well as longer rise times and higher disruption rates compared to the rest of the sample. The Bowen fluorescence mechanism requires a high density which can be reached at smaller radii, which in turn yields longer diffusion timescales. Thus, the difference in rise times suggests the pre-peak TDE light curves are governed not by the fallback timescale, but instead by the diffusion of photons through the tidal debris. The small subset of TDEs that show only helium emission lines in their spectra have the longest rise times, the highest luminosities and the lowest rates. We also report, for the first time, the detection of soft X-ray flares from a TDE on day timescales. Based on the fact the flares peak at a luminosity similar to the optical/UV blackbody luminosity, we attribute them to brief glimpses through a reprocessing layer that otherwise obscures the inner accretion flow.
Rachel J. Bruch, Avishay Gal-Yam, Steve Schulze, Ofer Yaron, Yi Yang, Maayane T. Soumagnac, Mickael Rigault, Nora L. Strotjohann, Eran Ofek, Jesper Sollerman, Frank J. Masci, Cristina Barbarino, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Christoffer Fremling, Daniel Perley, Jakob Nordin, S. Bradley Cenko, S. Adams, Igor Adreoni, Eric C. Bellm, Nadia Blagorodnova, Mattia Bulla, Kevin Burdge, Kishalay De, Suhail Dhawan, Andrew J. Drake, Dmitry A. Duev, Alison Dugas, Matthew Graham, Melissa L. Graham, Jacob Jencson, Emir Karamehmetoglu, Mansi Kasliwal, Young-Lo Kim, Shrinivas Kulkarni, Thomas Kupfer, Ashish Mahabal, A. A. Miller, Thomas A. Prince, Reed Riddle, Y. Sharma, Roger Smith, Francesco Taddia, Kirsty Taggart, Richard Walters, Lin Yan
Aug 23, 2020·astro-ph.HE·PDF Spectroscopic detection of narrow emission lines traces the presence of circumstellar mass distributions around massive stars exploding as core-collapse supernovae. Transient emission lines disappearing shortly after the supernova explosion suggest that the spatial extent of such material is compact, and hence imply an increased mass loss shortly prior to explosion. Here, we present a systematic survey for such transient emission lines (Flash Spectroscopy) among Type II supernovae detected in the first year of the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) survey. We find that at least six out of ten events for which a spectrum was obtained within two days of estimated explosion time show evidence for such transient flash lines. Our measured flash event fraction ($>30\%$ at $95\%$ confidence level) indicates that elevated mass loss is a common process occurring in massive stars that are about to explode as supernovae.
Sjoert van Velzen, Suvi Gezari, S. Bradley Cenko, Erin Kara, James C. Miller-Jones, Tiara Hung, Joe Bright, Nathaniel Roth, Nadejda Blagorodnova, Daniela Huppenkothen, Lin Yan, Eran Ofek, Jesper Sollerman, Sara Frederick, Charlotte Ward, Matthew J. Graham, Rob Fender, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Chris Canella, Robert Stein, Matteo Giomi, Valery Brinnel, Jakob Santen, Jakob Nordin, Eric C. Bellm, Richard Dekany, Christoffer Fremling, V. Zach Golkhou, Thomas Kupfer, Shrinivas R. Kulkarni, Russ R. Laher, Ashish Mahabal, Frank J. Masci, Adam A. Miller, James D. Neill, Reed Riddle, Mickael Rigault, Ben Rusholme, Maayane T. Soumagnac, Yutaro Tachibana
We present Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) observations of the tidal disruption flare AT2018zr/PS18kh reported by Holoien et al. and detected during ZTF commissioning. The ZTF light curve of the tidal disruption event (TDE) samples the rise-to-peak exceptionally well, with 50 days of g- and r-band detections before the time of maximum light. We also present our multi-wavelength follow-up observations, including the detection of a thermal (kT~100 eV) X-ray source that is two orders of magnitude fainter than the contemporaneous optical/UV blackbody luminosity, and a stringent upper limit to the radio emission. We use observations of 128 known active galactic nuclei (AGN) to assess the quality of the ZTF astrometry, finding a median host-flare distance of 0.2" for genuine nuclear flares. Using ZTF observations of variability from known AGN and supernovae we show how these sources can be separated from TDEs. A combination of light-curve shape, color, and location in the host galaxy can be used to select a clean TDE sample from multi-band optical surveys such as ZTF or LSST.
Ido Irani, Jonathan Morag, Avishay Gal-Yam, Eli Waxman, Steve Schulze, Jesper Sollerman, K-Ryan Hinds, Daniel A. Perley, Ping Chen, Nora L. Strotjohann, Ofer Yaron, Erez A. Zimmerman, Rachel Bruch, Eran O. Ofek, Maayane T. Soumagnac, Yi Yang, Steven L. Groom, Frank J. Masci, Reed Riddle, Eric C. Bellm, David Hale
Oct 25, 2023·astro-ph.HE·PDF We present a sample of 34 normal SNe II detected with the Zwicky Transient Facility, with multi-band UV light-curves starting at $t \leq 4$ days after explosion, as well as X-ray detections and upper limits. We characterize the early UV-optical colors and provide prescriptions for empirical host-extinction corrections. We show that the $t > 2\,$days UV-optical colors and the blackbody evolution of the sample are consistent with the predictions of spherical phase shock-cooling (SC), independently of the presence of `flash ionization" features. We present a framework for fitting SC models which can reproduce the parameters of a set of multi-group simulations without a significant bias up to 20% in radius and velocity. Observations of about half of the SNe II in the sample are well-fit by models with breakout radii $<10^{14}\,$cm. The other half are typically more luminous, with observations from day 1 onward that are better fit by a model with a large $>10^{14}\,$cm breakout radius. However, these fits predict an early rise during the first day that is too slow. We suggest these large-breakout events are explosions of stars with an inflated envelope or a confined CSM with a steep density profile, at which breakout occurs. Using the X-ray data, we derive constraints on the extended ($\sim10^{15}$ cm) CSM density independent of spectral modeling, and find most SNe II progenitors lose $<10^{-4} M_{\odot}\, \rm yr^{-1}$ a few years before explosion. This provides independent evidence the CSM around many SNe II progenitors is confined. We show that the overall observed breakout radius distribution is skewed to higher radii due to a luminosity bias. We argue that the $66^{+11}_{-22}\%$ of red supergiants (RSG) explode as SNe II with breakout radii consistent with the observed distribution of field RSG, with a tail extending to large radii, likely due to the presence of CSM.
Bryce T. Bolin, Christoffer Fremling, Timothy R. Holt, Matthew J. Hankins, Tomás Ahumada, Shreya Anand, Varun Bhalerao, Kevin B. Burdge, Chris M. Copperwheat, Michael Coughlin, Kunal P. Deshmukh, Kishalay De, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Alessandro Morbidelli, Josiah N. Purdum, Robert Quimby, Dennis Bodewits, Chan-Kao Chang, Wing-Huen Ip, Chen-Yen Hsu, Russ R. Laher, Zhong-Yi Lin, Carey M. Lisse, Frank J. Masci, Chow-Choong Ngeow, Hanjie Tan, Chengxing Zhai, Rick Burruss, Richard Dekany, Alexandre Delacroix, Dmitry A. Duev, Matthew Graham, David Hale, Shrinivas R. Kulkarni, Thomas Kupfer, Ashish Mahabal, Przemyslaw J. Mróz, James D. Neill, Reed Riddle, Hector Rodriguez, Roger M. Smith, Maayane T. Soumagnac, Richard Walters, Lin Yan, Jeffry Zolkower
Aug 12, 2020·astro-ph.EP·PDF We present time-resolved visible spectrophotometry of minimoon 2020 CD$_3$, the second asteroid known to become temporarily captured by the Earth-Moon system's gravitational field. The spectrophotometry was taken with Keck I/LRIS between wavelengths 434 nm and 912 nm in $B$, $g$, $V$, $R$, $I$ and RG850 filters as it was leaving the Earth-Moon system on 2020 March 23 UTC. The spectrophotometry of 2020 CD$_3$ most closely resembles the spectra of V-type asteroids and some Lunar rock samples with a reddish slope of ~18$\%$/100 nm between 434 nm and 761 nm corresponding to colors of $g$-$r$ = 0.62$\pm$0.08, $r$-$i$ = 0.21 $\pm$ 0.06 and an absorption band at ~900 nm corresponding to $i$-$z$ = -0.54$\pm$0.10. Combining our measured 31.9$\pm$0.1 absolute magnitude with an albedo of 0.35 typical for V-type asteroids, we determine 2020 CD$_3$'s diameter to be ~0.9$\pm$0.1 m making it the first minimoon and one of the smallest asteroids to be spectrally studied. We use our time-series photometry to detect periodic lightcurve variations with a $<$10$^{-4}$ false alarm probability corresponding to a lightcurve period of ~573 s and a lightcurve amplitude of ~1 mag implying 2020 CD$_3$ possesses a $b/a$ axial ratio of ~2.5. In addition, we extend the observational arc of 2020 CD$_3$ to 37 days between 2020 February 15 UTC and 2020 March 23 UTC. From the improved orbital solution for 2020 CD$_3$, we estimate its likely duration of its capture to be ~2 y, and we measure the non-gravitation perturbation on its orbit due to radiation pressure with an area-to-mass ratio of 6.9$\pm$2.4$\times$10$^{-4}$ m$^2$/kg implying a density of 2.3$\pm$0.8 g/cm$^3$, broadly compatible with the densities of other meter-scale asteroids and Lunar rock. We searched for pre-discovery detections of 2020 CD$_3$ in the ZTF archive as far back as 2018 October, but were unable to locate any positive detections.
Noam Ganot, Eran O. Ofek, Avishay Gal-Yam, Maayane T. Soumagnac, Jonathan Morag, Eli Waxman, Shrinivas R. Kulkarni, Mansi M. Kasliwal, James Neill
Nov 24, 2020·astro-ph.HE·PDF The radius and surface composition of an exploding massive star, as well as the explosion energy per unit mass, can be measured using early ultraviolet (UV) observations of core-collapse supernovae (CC SNe). We present the results from a simultaneous \GALEX and Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) search for early UV emission from SNe. We analyze five CC SNe for which we obtained $NUV$ measurements before the first ground-based $R$-band detection. We introduce SOPRANOS, a new maximum likelihood fitting tool for models with variable temporal validity windows, and use it to fit the \citet{SapirWaxman2017} shock cooling model to the data. We report four Type II SNe with progenitor radii in the range of $R_*\approx600-1100R_\odot$ and a shock velocity parameter in the range of $v_{s*}\approx 2700-6000 \,\rm km\,s^{-1}$ ($E/M\approx2-8\times10^{50}\,\rm erg/M_\odot$) and one type IIb SN with $R_*\approx210R_\odot$ and $v_{s*}\approx11000 \rm\, km\,s^{-1}$ ($E/M\approx1.8\times10^{51}\,\rm erg/M_\odot$). Our pilot GALEX/PTF project thus suggests that a dedicated, systematic SN survey in the $NUV$ band, such as the wide-field UV explorer \textit{ULTRASAT} mission, is a compelling method to study the properties of SN progenitors and SN energetics.
Kevin B. Burdge, Thomas A. Prince, Jim Fuller, David L. Kaplan, Thomas R. Marsh, Pier-Emmanuel Tremblay, Zhuyun Zhuang, Eric C. Bellm, Ilaria Caiazzo, Michael W. Coughlin, Vik S. Dhillon, Boris Gaensicke, Pablo Rodriguez-Gil, Matthew J. Graham, J. J. Hermes, Thomas Kupfer, S. P. Littlefair, Przemek Mroz, E. S. Phinney, Jan van Roestel, Yuhan Yao, Richard G. Dekany, Andrew J. Drake, Dmitry A. Duev, David Hale, Michael Feeney, George Helou, Stephen Kaye, Ashish. A. Mahabal, Frank J. Masci, Reed Riddle, Roger Smith, Maayane T. Soumagnac, S. R. Kulkarni
Using photometry collected with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), we are conducting an ongoing survey for binary systems with short orbital periods ($P_{\rm b}<1\rm \,hr)$ with the goal of identifying new gravitational-wave sources detectable by the upcoming Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Here, we present a sample of fifteen binary systems discovered thus far, with orbital periods ranging from $6.91\rm\,min$ to $56.35\rm\,min$. Of the fifteen systems, seven are eclipsing systems which do not show signs of significant mass transfer. Additionally, we have discovered two AM Canum Venaticorum (AM CVn) systems and six systems exhibiting primarily ellipsoidal variations in their light curves. We present follow-up spectroscopy and high-speed photometry confirming the nature of these systems, estimates of their LISA signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), and a discussion of their physical characteristics.
T. Hung, S. B. Cenko, Nathaniel Roth, S. Gezari, S. Veilleux, Sjoert Van Velzen, C. Martin Gaskell, Ryan J. Foley, N. Blagorodnova, Lin Yan, M. J. Graham, J. S. Brown, M. R. Siebert, Sara Frederick, Charlotte Ward, Pradip Gatkine, Avishay Gal-yam, Yi Yang, S. Schulze, G. Dimitriadis, Thomas Kupfer, David L. Shupe, Ben Rusholme, Frank J. Masci, Reed Riddle, Maayane T. Soumagnac, J. Van Roestel, Richard Dekany
Mar 13, 2019·astro-ph.HE·PDF We report the discovery of non-stellar hydrogen Balmer and metastable helium absorption lines accompanying a transient, high-velocity (0.05$c$) broad absorption line (BAL) system in the optical spectra of the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2018zr ($z=0.071$). In the HST UV spectra, absorption of high- and low-ionization lines are also present at this velocity, making AT2018zr resemble a low-ionization broad absorption line (LoBAL) QSO. We conclude that these transient absorption features are more likely to arise in fast outflows produced by the TDE than absorbed by the unbound debris. In accordance with the outflow picture, we are able to reproduce the flat-topped H$α$ emission in a spherically expanding medium, without invoking the typical prescription of an elliptical disk. We also report the appearance of narrow ($\sim$1000~km~s$^{-1}$) NIII$λ$4640, HeII$\lambda4686$, H$α$, and H$β$, emission in the late-time optical spectra of AT2018zr, which may be a result of UV continuum hardening at late time as observed by Swift. Including AT2018zr, we find a high association rate (3 out of 4) of BALs in the UV spectra of TDEs. This suggests that outflows may be ubiquitous among TDEs and may be less sensitive to viewing angle effects compared to QSO outflows.
Anna Y. Q. Ho, Alessandra Corsi, S. Bradley Cenko, Francesco Taddia, S. R. Kulkarni, Scott Adams, Kishalay De, Richard Dekany, Dmitry D. Frederiks, Christoffer Fremling, V. Zach Golkhou, Thomas Kupfer, Russ R. Laher, Ashish Mahabal, Frank J. Masci, Adam A. Miller, James D. Neill, Daniel Reiley, Reed Riddle, Anna Ridnaia, Ben Rusholme, Yashvi Sharma, Jesper Sollerman, Maayane T. Soumagnac, Dmitry S. Svinkin, David L. Shupe
Dec 21, 2019·astro-ph.HE·PDF We present ZTF18aaqjovh (SN 2018bvw), a high-velocity ("broad-lined") stripped-envelope (Type Ic) supernova (Ic-BL SN) discovered in the Zwicky Transient Facility one-day cadence survey. ZTF18aaqjovh shares a number of features in common with engine-driven explosions: the photospheric velocity and the shape of the optical light curve are very similar to that of the Type Ic-BL SN 1998bw, which was associated with a low-luminosity gamma-ray burst (LLGRB) and had relativistic ejecta. However, the radio luminosity of ZTF18aaqjovh is almost two orders of magnitude fainter than that of SN 1998bw at the same velocity phase, and the shock velocity is at most mildly relativistic (v=0.06-0.4c). A search of high-energy catalogs reveals no compelling GRB counterpart to ZTF18aaqjovh, and the limit on the prompt GRB luminosity of $L_{γ,\mathrm{iso}} \approx 1.6 \times 10^{48}$ erg/sec excludes a classical GRB but not an LLGRB. Altogether, ZTF18aaqjovh represents another transition event between engine-driven SNe associated with GRBs and "ordinary" Ic-BL SNe.
Bryce T. Bolin, Yanga R. Fernandez, Carey M. Lisse, Timothy R. Holt, Zhong-Yi Lin, Josiah N. Purdum, Kunal P. Deshmukh, James M. Bauer, Eric C. Bellm, Dennis Bodewits, Kevin B. Burdge, Sean J. Carey, Chris M. Copperwheat, George Helou, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Jonathan Horner, Jan van Roestel, Varun Bhalerao, Chan-Kao Chang, Christine Chen, Chen-Yen Hsu, Wing-Huen Ip, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Frank J. Masci, Chow-Choong Ngeow, Robert Quimby, Rick Burruss, Michael Coughlin, Richard Dekany, Alexandre Delacroix, Andrew Drake, Dmitry A. Duev, Matthew Graham, David Hale, Thomas Kupfer, Russ R. Laher, Ashish Mahabal, Przemyslaw J. Mróz, James D. Neill, Reed Riddle, Hector Rodriguez, Roger M. Smith, Maayane T. Soumagnac, Richard Walters, Lin Yan, Jeffry Zolkower
We present visible and mid-infrared imagery and photometry of temporary Jovian co-orbital comet P/2019 LD$_2$ taken with HST/WFC3, Spitzer/IRAC, the GROWTH telescope network, visible spectroscopy from Keck/LRIS and archival ZTF observations taken between 2019 April and 2020 August. Our observations indicate that the nucleus of LD$_2$ has a radius between 0.2-1.8 km assuming a 0.08 albedo and a coma dominated by $\sim$100$μ$ m-scale dust ejected at $\sim$1 m/s speeds with a $\sim$1'' jet pointing in the SW direction. LD$_2$ experienced a total dust mass loss of $\sim$10$^8$ kg at a loss rate of $\sim$6 kg/s with Af$ρ$/cross-section varying between $\sim$85 cm/125 km$^2$ and $\sim$200 cm/310 km$^2$ from 2019 April 9 to 2019 Nov 8. If the increase in Af$ρ$/cross-section remained constant, it implies LD$_2$'s activity began $\sim$2018 November when within 4.8 au of the Sun, implying the onset of H$_2$O sublimation. We measure CO/CO$_2$ gas production of $\lesssim$10$^{27}$ mol/s /$\lesssim$10$^{26}$ mol/s from our 4.5 $μ$m Spitzer observations, $g$-$r$ = 0.59$\pm$0.03, $r$-$i$ = 0.18$\pm$0.05, $i$-$z$ = 0.01$\pm$0.07 from GROWTH observations, H$_2$O gas production of $\lesssim$80 kg/s scaling from our estimated $C_2$ production of $Q_{C_2}\lesssim$7.5$\times10^{24}$ mol/s from Keck/LRIS spectroscopy. We determine that the long-term orbit of LD$_2$ is similar to Jupiter family comets having close encounters with Jupiter within $\sim$0.5 Hill radius in the last $\sim$3 y, within 0.8 Hill radius in $\sim$9 y. Additionally, 78.8$\%$ of our orbital clones are ejected from the Solar System within $1 \times 10^{6}$ years having a dynamical half-life of 3.4 $\times 10^5$ years.
Yuhan Yao, Adam A. Miller, S. R. Kulkarni, Mattia Bulla, Frank J. Masci, Daniel A. Goldstein, Ariel Goobar, Peter Nugent, Alison Dugas, Nadia Blagorodnova, James D. Neill, Michael Rigault, Jesper Sollerman, J. Nordin, Eric C. Bellm, S. Bradley Cenko, Kishalay De, Suhail Dhawan, Ulrich Feindt, C. Fremling, Pradip Gatkine, Matthew J. Graham, Melissa L. Graham, Anna Y. Q. Ho, T. Hung, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Thomas Kupfer, Russ R. Laher, Daniel A. Perley, Ben Rusholme, David L. Shupe, Maayane T. Soumagnac, K. Taggart, Richard Walters, Lin Yan
Early-time observations of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are essential to constrain their progenitor properties. In this paper, we present high-quality light curves of 127 SNe Ia discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) in 2018. We describe our method to perform forced point spread function (PSF) photometry, which can be applied to other types of extragalactic transients. With a planned cadence of six observations per night ($3g+3r$), all of the 127 SNe Ia are detected in both $g$ and $r$ band more than 10\,d (in the rest frame) prior to the epoch of $g$-band maximum light. The redshifts of these objects range from $z=0.0181$ to 0.165; the median redshift is 0.074. Among the 127 SNe, 50 are detected at least 14\,d prior to maximum light (in the rest frame), with a subset of 9 objects being detected more than 17\,d before $g$-band peak. This is the largest sample of young SNe Ia collected to date; it can be used to study the shape and color evolution of the rising light curves in unprecedented detail. We discuss six peculiar events in this sample, including one 02cx-like event ZTF18abclfee (SN\,2018crl), one Ia-CSM SN ZTF18aaykjei (SN\,2018cxk), and four objects with possible super-Chandrasekhar mass progenitors: ZTF18abhpgje (SN\,2018eul), ZTF18abdpvnd (SN\,2018dvf), ZTF18aawpcel (SN\,2018cir) and ZTF18abddmrf (SN\,2018dsx).
Maayane T. Soumagnac, Noam Ganot, Ido Irani, Avishay Gal-yam, Eran O. Ofek, Eli Waxman, Jonathan Morag, Ofer Yaron, Steve Schulze, Yi Yang, Adam Rubin, S. Bradley Cenko, Jesper Sollerman, Daniel A. Perley, Christoffer Fremling, Peter Nugent, James D. Neill, Emir Karamehmetoglu, Eric C. Bellm, Rachel J. Bruch, Rick Burruss, Virginia Cunningham, Richard Dekany, V. Zach Golkhou, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Nicholas P Konidaris, Shrinivas R. Kulkarni, Thomas Kupfer, Russ R. Laher, Frank J. Masci, Reed Riddle, Mickael Rigault, Ben Rusholme, Jan van Roestel, Barak Zackay
Jul 25, 2019·astro-ph.HE·PDF High cadence transient surveys are able to capture supernovae closer to their first light than before. Applying analytical models to such early emission, we can constrain the progenitor stars properties. In this paper, we present observations of SN2018fif (ZTF18abokyfk). The supernova was discovered close to first light and monitored by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. Early spectroscopic observations suggest that the progenitor of SN2018fif was surrounded by relatively small amounts of circumstellar material (CSM) compared to all previous cases. This particularity, coupled with the high cadence multiple-band coverage, makes it a good candidate to investigate using shock-cooling models. We employ the SOPRANOS code, an implementation of the model by Sapir & Waxman and its extension to early times by Morag, Sapir & Waxman. Compared with previous implementations, SOPRANOS has the advantage of including a careful account of the limited temporal validity domain of the shock-cooling model as well as allowing usage of the entirety of the early UV data. We find that the progenitor of SN2018fif was a large red supergiant, with a radius of R=744.0_{-128.0}^{+183.0} solar radii and an ejected mass of Mej=9.3_{-5.8}^{+0.4} solar masses. Our model also gives information on the explosion epoch, the progenitor inner structure, the shock velocity and the extinction. The distribution of radii is double-peaked, with lower radii corresponding to lower values of the extinction, earlier recombination times and better match to the early UV data. If these correlations persist in future objects, denser spectroscopic monitoring constraining the time of recombination, as well as accurate UV observations (e.g. with ULTRASAT), will help break the radius-extinction degeneracy and independently determine both.
Jan van Roestel, Dmitry A. Duev, Ashish A. Mahabal, Michael W. Coughlin, Przemek Mróz, Kevin Burdge, Andrew Drake, Matthew J. Graham, Lynne Hillenbrand, C. Fremling, David Hale, Russ R. Laher, Frank J. Masci, Reed Riddle, Philippe Rosnet, Ben Rusholme, Roger Smith, Maayane T. Soumagnac, Richard Walters, Thomas A. Prince, S. R. Kulkarni
Feb 22, 2021·astro-ph.IM·PDF The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) has been observing the entire northern sky since the start of 2018 down to a magnitude of 20.5 ($5 σ$ for 30s exposure) in $g$, $r$, and $i$ filters. Over the course of two years, ZTF has obtained light curves of more than a billion sources, each with 50-1000 epochs per light curve in $g$ and $r$, and fewer in $i$. To be able to use the information contained in the light curves of variable sources for new scientific discoveries, an efficient and flexible framework is needed to classify them. In this paper, we introduce the methods and infrastructure which will be used to classify all ZTF light curves. Our approach aims to be flexible and modular and allows the use of a dynamical classification scheme and labels, continuously evolving training sets, and the use of different machine learning classifier types and architectures. With this setup, we are able to continuously update and improve the classification of ZTF light curves as new data becomes available, training samples are updated, and new classes need to be incorporated.
Thomas Kupfer, Evan B. Bauer, Kevin B. Burdge, Eric C. Bellm, Lars Bildsten, Jim Fuller, JJ Hermes, Shrinivas R. Kulkarni, Thomas A. Prince, Jan van Roestel, Richard Dekany, Dmitry A. Duev, Michael Feeney, Matteo Giomi, Matthew J. Graham, Stephen Kaye, Russ R. Laher, Frank J. Masci, Michael Porter, Reed Riddle, David L. Shupe, Roger M. Smith, Maayane T. Soumagnac, Paula Szkody, Charlotte Ward
Using high-cadence observations from the Zwicky Transient Facility at low Galactic latitudes, we have discovered a new class of pulsating, hot, compact stars. We have found four candidates, exhibiting blue colors ($g-r\leq-0.1$ mag), pulsation amplitudes of $>5\%$, and pulsation periods of $200 - 475$ sec. Fourier transforms of the lightcurves show only one dominant frequency. Phase-resolved spectroscopy for three objects reveals significant radial velocity, T$_{\rm eff}$ and log(g) variations over the pulsation cycle, consistent with large amplitude radial oscillations. The mean T$_{\rm eff}$ and log(g) for these stars are consistent with hot subdwarf B (sdB) effective temperatures and surface gravities. We calculate evolutionary tracks using MESA and adiabatic pulsations using GYRE for low-mass helium-core pre-white dwarfs and low mass helium-burning stars. Comparison of low-order radial oscillation mode periods with the observed pulsation periods show better agreement with the pre-white dwarf models. Therefore, we suggest that these new pulsators and Blue Large-Amplitude Pulsators (BLAPs) could be members of the same class of pulsators, composed of young $\approx0.25-0.35$ M$_\odot$ helium-core pre-white dwarfs.
Anna Y. Q. Ho, Daniel A. Goldstein, Steve Schulze, David K. Khatami, Daniel A. Perley, Mattias Ergon, Avishay Gal-Yam, Alessandra Corsi, Igor Andreoni, Cristina Barbarino, Eric C. Bellm, Nadia Blagorodnova, Joe S. Bright, Eric Burns, S. Bradley Cenko, Virginia Cunningham, Kishalay De, Richard Dekany, Alison Dugas, Rob P. Fender, Claes Fransson, Christoffer Fremling, Adam Goldstein, Matthew J. Graham, David Hale, Assaf Horesh, Tiara Hung, Mansi M. Kasliwal, N. Paul M. Kuin, Shri R. Kulkarni, Thomas Kupfer, Ragnhild Lunnan, Frank J. Masci, Chow-Choong Ngeow, Peter E. Nugent, Eran O. Ofek, Maria T. Patterson, Glen Petitpas, Ben Rusholme, Hanna Sai, Itai Sfaradi, David L. Shupe, Jesper Sollerman, Maayane T. Soumagnac, Yutaro Tachibana, Francesco Taddia, Richard Walters, Xiaofeng Wang, Yuhan Yao, Xinhan Zhang
Apr 24, 2019·astro-ph.HE·PDF We present detailed observations of ZTF18abukavn (SN2018gep), discovered in high-cadence data from the Zwicky Transient Facility as a rapidly rising ($1.4\pm0.1$ mag/hr) and luminous ($M_{g,\mathrm{peak}}=-20$ mag) transient. It is spectroscopically classified as a broad-lined stripped-envelope supernova (Ic-BL SN). The high peak luminosity ($L_{\mathrm{bol}} \gtrsim 3 \times 10^{44}$ erg $\mathrm{sec}^{-1}$), the short rise time ($t_{\mathrm{rise}}= 3$ days in $g$-band), and the blue colors at peak ($g-r\sim-0.4$) all resemble the high-redshift Ic-BL iPTF16asu, as well as several other unclassified fast transients. The early discovery of SN2018gep (within an hour of shock breakout) enabled an intensive spectroscopic campaign, including the highest-temperature ($T_{\mathrm{eff}}\gtrsim40,000$ K) spectra of a stripped-envelope SN. A retrospective search revealed luminous ($M_g \sim M_r \approx -14\,$mag) emission in the days to weeks before explosion, the first definitive detection of precursor emission for a Ic-BL. We find a limit on the isotropic gamma-ray energy release $E_\mathrm{γ,iso}<4.9 \times 10^{48}$ erg, a limit on X-ray emission $L_{\mathrm{X}} < 10^{40}\,$erg sec$^{-1}$, and a limit on radio emission $νL_ν\lesssim 10^{37}\,$erg sec$^{-1}$. Taken together, we find that the early ($<10\,$days) data are best explained by shock breakout in a massive shell of dense circumstellar material ($0.02\,M_\odot$) at large radii ($3 \times 10^{14}\,$cm) that was ejected in eruptive pre-explosion mass-loss episodes. The late-time ($>10$ days) light curve requires an additional energy source, which could be the radioactive decay of Ni-56.
Maayane T. Soumagnac, Eran O. Ofek, Avishay Gal-Yam, Eli Waxmann, Sivan Ginzburg, Nora Linn Strotjohann, Tom A. Barlow, Ehud Behar, Doron Chelouche, Christoffer Fremling, Noam Ganot, Suvi Gerazi, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Shai Kaspi, Shrinivas R. Kulkarni, Russ R. Laher, Dan Maoz, Christopher D. Martin, Ehud Nakar, James D. Neill, Peter E. Nugent, Dovi Poznanski, Steve Schulze, Ofer Yaron
We present visible-light and ultraviolet (UV) observations of the supernova PTF12glz. The SN was discovered and monitored in near-UV and R bands as part of a joint GALEX and Palomar Transient Factory campaign. It is among the most energetic Type IIn supernovae observed to date (~10^{51} erg). If the radiated energy mainly came from the thermalization of the shock kinetic energy, we show that PTF12glz was surrounded by ~1 solar mass of circumstellar material (CSM) prior to its explosive death. PTF12glz shows a puzzling peculiarity: at early times, while the freely expanding ejecta are presumably masked by the optically thick CSM, the radius of the blackbody that best fits the observations grows at ~7000 km/s. Such a velocity is characteristic of fast moving ejecta rather than optically thick CSM. This phase of radial expansion takes place before any spectroscopic signature of expanding ejecta appears in the spectrum and while both the spectroscopic data and the bolometric luminosity seem to indicate that the CSM is optically thick. We propose a geometrical solution to this puzzle, involving an aspherical structure of the CSM around PTF12glz. By modelling radiative diffusion through a slab of CSM, we show that an aspherical geometry of the CSM can result in a growing effective radius. This simple model also allows us to recover the decreasing blackbody temperature of PTF12glz. SLAB-Diffusion, the code we wrote to model the radiative diffusion of photons through a slab of CSM and evaluate the observed radius and temperature, is made available on-line.
Daniel A. Perley, Christoffer Fremling, Jesper Sollerman, Adam A. Miller, Aishwarya S. Dahiwale, Yashvi Sharma, Eric C. Bellm, Rahul Biswas, Thomas G. Brink, Rachel J. Bruch, Kishalay De, Richard Dekany, Andrew J. Drake, Dmitry A. Duev, Alexei V. Filippenko, Avishay Gal-Yam, Ariel Goobar, Matthew J. Graham, Melissa L. Graham, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Ido Irani, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Young-Lo Kim, S. R. Kulkarni, Ashish Mahabal, Frank J. Masci, Shaunak Modak, James D. Neill, Jakob Nordin, Reed L. Riddle, Maayane T. Soumagnac, Nora L. Strotjohann, Steve Schulze, Kirsty Taggart, Anastasios Tzanidakis, Richard S. Walters, Lin Yan
We present a public catalog of transients from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) Bright Transient Survey (BTS), a magnitude-limited (m<19 mag in either the g or r filter) survey for extragalactic transients in the ZTF public stream. We introduce cuts on survey coverage, sky visibility around peak light, and other properties unconnected to the nature of the transient, and show that the resulting statistical sample is spectroscopically 97% complete at <18 mag, 93% complete at <18.5 mag, and 75% complete at <19 mag. We summarize the fundamental properties of this population, identifying distinct duration-luminosity correlations in a variety of supernova (SN) classes and associating the majority of fast optical transients with well-established spectroscopic SN types (primarily SN Ibn and II/IIb). We measure the Type Ia SN and core-collapse (CC) SN rates and luminosity functions, which show good consistency with recent work. About 7% of CC SNe explode in very low-luminosity galaxies (M_i > -16 mag), 10% in red-sequence galaxies, and 1% in massive ellipticals. We find no significant difference in the luminosity or color distributions between the host galaxies of Type II and Type Ib/c supernovae, suggesting that line-driven wind stripping does not play a major role in the loss of the hydrogen envelope from their progenitors. Future large-scale classification efforts with ZTF and other wide-area surveys will provide high-quality measurements of the rates, properties, and environments of all known types of optical transients and limits on the existence of theoretically predicted but as of yet unobserved explosions.
Yuhan Yao, S. R. Kulkarni, Kevin B. Burdge, Ilaria Caiazzo, Kishalay De, Dillon Dong, C. Fremling, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Thomas Kupfer, Jan van Roestel, Jesper Sollerman, Ashot Bagdasaryan, Eric C. Bellm, S. Bradley Cenko, Andrew J. Drake, Dmitry A. Duev, Matthew J. Graham, Stephen Kaye, Frank J. Masci, Nicolas Miranda, Thomas A. Prince, Reed Riddle, Ben Rusholme, Maayane T. Soumagnac
Nov 30, 2020·astro-ph.HE·PDF AT2019wey (SRGA J043520.9+552226, SRGE J043523.3+552234) is a transient first reported by the ATLAS optical survey in 2019 December. It rose to prominence upon detection, three months later, by the Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) mission in its first all-sky survey. X-ray observations reported in Yao et al. suggest that AT2019wey is a Galactic low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) with a black hole (BH) or neutron star (NS) accretor. Here we present ultraviolet, optical, near-infrared, and radio observations of this object. We show that the companion is a short-period (P < 16 hr) low-mass (< 1 Msun) star. We consider AT2019wey to be a candidate BH system since its locations on the L_radio--L_X and L_opt--L_X diagrams are closer to BH binaries than NS binaries. We demonstrate that from 2020 June to August, despite the more than 10 times brightening at radio and X-ray wavelengths, the optical luminosity of AT2019wey only increased by 1.3--1.4 times. We interpret the UV/optical emission before the brightening as thermal emission from a truncated disk in a hot accretion flow and the UV/optical emission after the brightening as reprocessing of the X-ray emission in the outer accretion disk. AT2019wey demonstrates that combining current wide-field optical surveys and SRG provides a way to discover the emerging population of short-period BH LMXB systems with faint X-ray outbursts.