Keita Mizukoshi, Takeshi Maeda, Yuuki Nakano, Satoshi Higashino, Kentaro Miuchi
Scintillation detector is widely used for the particle detection in the field of particle physics. Particle detectors containing fluorine-19 ($^{19}\mathrm{F}$) are known to have advantages for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) dark matter search, especially for spin-dependent interactions with WIMPs due to its spin structure. In this study, the scintillation properties of carbontetrafluoride ($\mathrm{CF_{4}}$) gas at low temperature was evaluated because its temperature dependence of light yield has not been measured. We evaluated the light yield by cooling the gas from room temperature (300K) to 263K. As a result, the light yield of $\mathrm{CF_{4}}$ was found to increase by $(41.0\pm4.0_{\rm stat.}\pm6.6_{\rm syst.})\%$ and the energy resolution was also found to improve at low temperature.
Keita Mizukoshi, Takashi Iida, Izumi Ogawa, Kensei Shimizu, Shunsuke Kurosawa, Kei Kamada, Masao Yoshino, Akira Yoshikawa
(Gd,La)$_2$Si$_2$O$_7$:Ce (La-GPS:Ce) is a new scintillator material with high light output, high energy resolution, and fast decay time. Moreover, the scintillator has a good light output even at high temperature (up to 150$^\circ$C) and is non-hygroscopic in nature; thus, it is especially suitable for underground resource exploration. Particle identification greatly expands the possible applications of scintillator. For resource exploration, the particle identification should be completed in a single pulse only. The pulse-shape discrimination of the scintillator was confirmed. We compared two methods; a double gate method and a digital filter method. Using digital filter method (shape indicator), F-measure to evaluate a separation between $α$ and $γ$ particles was obtained to be 0.92 at 0.66 MeVee.
Keita Mizukoshi, Ryosuke Taishaku, Keishi Hosokawa, Kazuyoshi Kobayashi, Kentaro Miuchi, Tatsuhiro Naka, Atsushi Takeda, Masashi Tanaka, Yoshiki Wada, Kohei Yorita
Ambient neutrons are one of the most serious backgrounds for underground experiments in search of rare events. The ambient neutron flux in an underground laboratory of Kamioka Observatory was measured using a $\mathrm{^3He}$ proportional counter with various moderator setups. Since the detector response largely depends on the spectral shape, the energy spectra of the neutrons transported from the rock to the laboratory were estimated by Monte-Carlo simulations. The ratio of the thermal neutron flux to the total neutron flux was found to depend on the thermalizing efficiency of the rock. Thus, the ratio of the count rate without a moderator to that with a moderator was used to determine this parameter. Consequently, the most-likely neutron spectrum predicted by the simulations for the parameters determined by the experimental results was obtained. The result suggests an interesting spectral shape, which has not been indicated in previous studies. The total ambient neutron flux is $(23.5 \pm 0.7 \ \mathrm{_{stat.}} ^{+1.9}_{-2.1} \ \mathrm{_{sys.}}) \times 10^{-6}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. In this paper, we explain our method of the result and discuss our future plan.
Keita Mizukoshi, Ryosuke Taishaku, Keishi Hosokawa, Kazuyoshi Kobayashi, Kentaro Miuchi, Tatsuhiro Naka, Atsushi Takeda, Masashi Tanaka, Yoshiki Wada, Kohei Yorita, Sei Yoshida
Ambient neutrons are one of the most serious backgrounds for underground experiments searching for rare events. The ambient neutron flux in an underground laboratory of Kamioka Observatory was measured using a $\mathrm{^3He}$ proportional counter with various moderator setups. Since the detector response largely depends on the spectral shape, the energy spectra of the neutrons transported from the rock to the laboratory are estimated by Monte-Carlo simulations. The ratio of the thermal neutron flux to the total neutron flux was found to depend on the thermalizing efficiency of the rock. Therefore, the ratio of the count rate without a moderator to that with a moderator was used to determine this parameter. Consequently, the most-likely neutron spectrum predicted by the simulations for the parameters determined by the experimental results was obtained. The result suggests an interesting spectral shape, which has not been indicated in previous studies. The total ambient neutron flux is $(23.52 \pm 0.68 \ \mathrm{_{stat.}} ^{+1.87}_{-2.13} \ \mathrm{_{sys.}}) \times 10^{-6}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. This result, especially the energy spectrum information, could be a new and important input for estimating the background in current and future experiments in the underground laboratory at Kamioka Observatory.
M. Yoshino, T. Iida, K. Mizukoshi, T. Miyazaki, K. Kamada, K. J. Kim, A. Yoshikawa
In particle physics experiments, pulse shape discrimination (PSD) is a powerful tool for eliminating the major background from signals. However, the analysis methods have been a bottleneck to improving PSD performance. In this study, two machine learning methods -- multilayer perceptron and convolutional neural network -- were applied to PSD, and their PSD performance was compared with that of conventional analysis methods. Three calcium-based halide scintillators were grown using the vertical Bridgman--Stockbarger method and used for the evaluation of PSD. Compared with conventional analysis methods, the machine learning methods achieved better PSD performance for all the scintillators. For scintillators with low light output, the machine learning methods were more effective for PSD accuracy than the conventional methods in the low-energy region.
Takumi Omori, Takashi Iida, Azusa Gando, Keishi Hosokawa, Kei Kamada, Keita Mizukoshi, Yasuhiro Shoji, Masao Yoshino, Ken-Ichi Fushimi, Hisanori Suzuki, Kotaro Takahashi
Uncovering neutrinoless double beta decay (0$ν$2$β$) is crucial for confirming neutrinos' Majorana characteristics. The decay rate of 0$νββ$ is theoretically uncertain, influenced by nuclear matrix elements that vary across nuclides. To reduce this uncertainty, precise measurement of the half-life of neutrino-emitting double beta decay (2$ν$2$β$) in different nuclides is essential. We have launched the PIKACHU (Pure Inorganic scintillator experiment in KAmioka for CHallenging Underground sciences) project to fabricate high-purity Ce-doped Gd$_{3}$Ga$_{3}$Al$_{2}$O$_{12}$ (GAGG) single crystals and use them to study the double beta decay of $^{160}$Gd. Predictions from two theoretical models on nuclear matrix element calculations for 2$ν$2$β$ in $^{160}$Gd show a significant discrepancy in estimated half-lives, differing by approximately an order of magnitude. If the lower half-life estimation holds true, detecting 2$ν$2$β$ in $^{160}$Gd could be achievable with a sensitivity enhancement slightly more than an order of magnitude compared to prior investigations using Ce-doped Gd$_2$SiO$_5$ (GSO) crystal. We have successfully developed GAGG crystals with purity levels surpassing previous standards through refined purification and selection of raw materials. Our experiments with these crystals indicate the feasibility of reaching sensitivities exceeding those of earlier studies. This paper discusses the ongoing development and scintillator performance evaluation of High-purity GAGG crystals, along with the anticipated future prospects of the PIKACHU experiment.
Takumi Omori, Takashi Iida, Nobuo Hinohara, Kotaro Takahashi, Ken-Ichi Fushimi, Azusa Gando, Keishi Hosokawa, Shotaro Ishidate, Motonao Ishigami, Kei Kamada, Keita Mizukoshi, Yasuhiro Shoji, Hisanori Suzuki, Masao Yoshino
Neutrinoless double beta decay (0v2b) has been investigated as a physical process that can provide evidence for the Majorana nature of neutrinos. The theoretical predictions of the 0v2b rate are subject to significant uncertainty, primarily due to nuclear matrix elements (NME). To reduce this uncertainty, experimental measurements of the half-lives of two-neutrino double beta decay (2v2b) in various nuclei are essential as a benchmark for NME calculations. The PIKACHU (Pure Inorganic scintillator experiment in KAmioka for CHallenging Underground sciences) project searches for the previously unobserved 2v2b decay of 160Gd, employing Ce-doped Gd3Ga3Al2O12 (GAGG) single crystals. In the Phase 1 experiment, we aim to improve the current lower limit on the 2v2b half-life of 160Gd by a prior study using a Ce-doped Gd2SiO5 (GSO) crystal. Ultimately, in Phase 2, the project seeks to achieve a sensitivity surpassing the theoretical prediction of 7.4 x 10^20 years, enabling the potential discovery of the 160Gd 2v2b decay. In this paper, we describe the development of background models based on GEANT4 simulations. The modeled backgrounds are contributions from uranium and thorium decay chains, 40K present in GAGG, and 40K gamma-rays from outside of GAGG. Additionally, we developed models for both 2v2b and 0v2b decay by implementing the theoretical kinematics of two-electron emission in double beta decay in the GEANT4 simulation. As a result, our background models successfully reproduced the measured background spectrum through fitting. By generating pseudo background spectra expected in Phase 1 and analyzing them with the combined background and 2v2b models, we evaluated the 2v2b sensitivity of Phase 1 to be 2.78 x 10^19 years (90% C.L.). This paper presents the development of these simulation models and the expected sensitivities for both Phase 1 and Phase 2 based on the pseudo data analyses.
The GAPS Collaboration, Kazutaka Aoyama, Tsuguo Aramaki, Padrick Beggs, Mirko Boezio, Steven E. Boggs, Valter Bonvicini, Gabriel Bridges, Donatella Campana, Scott Candey, William W. Craig, Philip von Doetinchem, Conor Earley, Erik Everson, Lorenzo Fabris, Sydney Feldman, Hideyuki Fuke, Florian Gahbauer, Cory Gerrity, Luca Ghislotti, Charles J. Hailey, Takeru Hayashi, Akiko Kawachi, Kai Konoma, Masayoshi Kozai, Paolo Lazzaroni, Alexander Lowell, Massimo Manghisoni, Matteo Martucci, Keita Mizukoshi, Emiliano Mocchiutti, Brent Mochizuki, Kazuoki Munakata, Riccardo Munini, Shun Okazaki, Jerome Olson, Rene A. Ong, Giuseppe Osteria, Francesco Palma, Kaliroë Pappas, Kerstin Perez, Francesco Perfetto, Lodovico Ratti, Valerio Re, Elisa Riceputi, Brandon Roach, Field R. Rogers, Nathan Saffold, Suzuto Sakamoto, Pratiksha Sawant, Valentina Scotti, Yuki Shimizu, Roberta Sparvoli, Achim Stoessl, Arathi Suraj, Alessio Tiberio, Grace Tytus, Elena Vannuccini, Sarah Vickers, Luigi Volpicelli, Zhen Wu, Mengjiao Xiao, Jinghe Yang, Kelsey Yee, Tetsuya Yoshida, Gianluigi Zampa, Jiancheng Zeng, Jeffrey Zweerink
Apr 20, 2026·astro-ph.IM·PDF The General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) is an Antarctic stratospheric balloon mission designed to provide unmatched sensitivity to low-energy (<0.25 GeV/n) cosmic-ray antiprotons, antideuterons, and antihelium nuclei as signatures of dark matter. The distinctive GAPS particle identification technique relies on measuring the energy loss along the track of an incoming antinucleus as it slows down and is captured into an exotic atom, and then detecting the de-excitation X-rays and the nuclear annihilation products. This measurement is realized using a Tracker composed of more than 1000 custom silicon strip detectors and a plastic scintillator time-of-flight (TOF) system instrumenting more than 40m$^2$. Together, these subsystems provide the velocity and energy resolution, stopping power, particle tracking, and X-ray identification necessary to distinguish rare antinucleus signals from the abundant positive-nucleus backgrounds, all within the constraints of a high-altitude mission. A multi-loop capillary heat pipe system has been developed to maintain the tracker operating temperature with significant mass and power savings over a conventional pump-based system. The first GAPS science payload flew for 25 days during the 2025/26 NASA Antarctic balloon campaign. We detail the design, integration, and commissioning of the payload prior to flight.