Additional symmetries of generalized integrable hierarchies

The non-isospectral symmetries of a general class of integrable hierarchies are found by generalizing the Galilean and scaling symmetries of the Korteweg-de Vries equation and its hierarchy. The symmetries arise in a very natural way from the semi-direct product structure of the Virasoro algebra and the affine Kac-Moody algebra underlying the construction of the hierarchy. In particular, the generators of the symmetries are shown to satisfy a subalgebra of the Virasoro algebra. When a tau-function formalism is available, the infinitesimal symmetries act directly on the tau-functions as moments of Virasoro currents. Some comments are made regarding the role of the non-isospectral symmetries and the form of the string equations in matrix-model formulations of quantum gravity in two dimensions and related systems.