The Gross–Neveu model at finite temperature at next-to-leading order in the 1/N expansion

Abstract We present new results on the Gross–Neveu model at finite temperature and at next-to-leading order in the 1/N expansion. In particular, a new expression is obtained for the effective potential which is explicitly invariant under renormalization group transformations. The model is used as a playground to investigate various features of field theory at finite temperature. For example we verify that, as expected from general arguments, the cancellation of ultraviolet divergences takes place at finite temperature without the need for introducing counterterms beyond those of zero temperature. As well known, the discrete chiral symmetry of the (1+1)-dimensional model is spontaneously broken at zero temperature and restored, in leading order, at some temperature Tc; we find that the 1/N approximation breaks down for temperatures below Tc: as the temperature increases, the fluctuations become eventually too large to be treated as corrections, and a Landau pole invalidates the calculation of the effective potential in the vicinity of its minimum. Beyond Tc, the 1/N expansion becomes again regular: it predicts that in leading order the system behaves as a free gas of massless fermions and that, at the next-to-leading order, it remains weakly interacting. In the limit of large temperature, the pressure coincides with that given by perturbation theory with a coupling constant defined at a scale of the order of the temperature, as expected from asymptotic freedom.