Transmission electron microscopy investigation of segregation and critical floating-layer content of indium for island formation in In x Ga 1-x As

We have investigated ${\mathrm{In}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ layers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on $\mathrm{GaAs}(001)$ by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence spectroscopy. $\mathrm{InGaAs}$ layers with In concentrations of 16, 25, and $28\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ and respective thicknesses of 20, 22, and 23 monolayers were deposited at $535\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$. The parameters were chosen to grow layers slightly above and below the transition between the two- and three-dimensional growth mode. In-concentration profiles were obtained from high-resolution TEM images by composition evaluation by lattice fringe analysis. The measured profiles can be well described applying the segregation model of Muraki et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 557 (1992)]. Calculated photoluminescence peak positions on the basis of the measured concentration profiles are in good agreement with the experimental ones. Evaluating experimental In-concentration profiles it is found that the transition from the two-dimensional to the three-dimensional growth mode occurs if the indium content in the In floating layer exceeds $1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$ monolayers. The measured exponential decrease of the In concentration within the cap layer on top of the islands reveals that the In floating layer is not consumed during island formation. In addition, ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.25}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.75}\mathrm{As}$ quantum wells were grown at different temperatures between $500\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ and $550\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$. The evaluation of concentration profiles shows that the segregation efficiency increases from $R=0.65$ to $R=0.83$. The strong increase of $R$ with the growth temperature is explained by the large growth rate of $1.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ML}∕\mathrm{s}$. Comparison with the temperature dependence of published segregation efficiencies obtained at lower growth rates reveals increasing temperature dependence and decreasing segregation efficiency with increasing growth rate.