Systematic derivation of order parameters through reduced density matrices.

A systematic method for determining order parameters for quantum many-body systems on lattices is developed by utilizing reduced density matrices. This method allows one to extract the order parameter directly from the wave functions of the degenerate ground states without the aid of empirical knowledge, and thus opens a way to explore unknown exotic orders. The applicability of this method is demonstrated numerically or rigorously in models that are considered to exhibit dimer, scalar chiral, and topological orders.