The Distribution Of Heavy Elements In Spiral And Elliptical Galaxies

This review recaps significant results as they apply to non-dwarf galaxies, including the Milky Way, spiral disks and bulges, and elliptical and lenticular galaxies. Conclusions that span the galaxy types treated here are as follows. All galaxies, on average, have heavy element abundances (metallicities) that systematically decrease outward from their galactic centers while their global metallicities increase with galaxy mass. Abundance gradients are steepest in normal spirals and are seen to be progressively flatter going in order from barred spirals, lenticulars, and ellipticals. For spiral galaxies, local metallicity appears to be correlated with total (disk plus bulge) surface density. Observed abundance patterns indicate that N production is dominated by primary processes at low metallicity and secondary processes at high metallicity; C production increases with increasing metallicity; and O, Ne, S, and Ar are produced in lockstep independent of metallicity. In elliptical galaxies, nuclear abundances are in the range [Z/H] = 0.0 to 0.4, but the element mixture is not scaled-solar. In large elliptical galaxies [Mg/Fe] is in the range 0.3 to 0.5, decreasing to ~0 in smaller elliptical galaxies. Other light elements track the Mg enhancement, but the heavier Ca tracks Fe. Velocity dispersion appears to be a key parameter in the modulation of [Mg/Fe], but the cause of the connection is unclear.