Young Red Spheroidal Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Fields: Evidence for a Truncated Initial Mass Function at ~2 M☉ and a Constant Space Density to z ~ 2

The optical-IR images of the northern and southern Hubble Deep Fields are used to measure the spectral and density evolution of early-type galaxies. The mean spectral energy distribution is found to evolve passively toward a mid-F star-dominated spectrum by z ~ 2, becoming more sharply peaked around the 4000 Å break. We demonstrate with realistic simulations that hotter elliptical galaxies would be readily visible if evolution progressed blueward and brightward at z > 2, following a standard initial mass function (IMF). The color distributions are best fitted by a "red" IMF, deficient above ~2 M☉ and with a spread of formation in the range 1.5 < zf < 2.5. Traditional age dating is spurious in this context; a distant elliptical can be young but appear red, with an apparent age greater than 3 Gyr independent of its formation redshift. Regarding density evolution, we demonstrate that the sharp decline in numbers claimed at z > 1 results from a selection bias against distant red galaxies in the optical, where the flux is too weak for morphological classification, but is remedied with relatively modest IR exposures that reveal a roughly constant space density to z ~ 2, with 32 and 16 elliptical galaxies detected above and below z = 1, respectively. We point out that the lack of high-mass star formation inferred here and the requirement of metals implicates cooling flows of preenriched gas in the creation of the stellar content of spheroidal galaxies. Deep-field X-ray images will be very helpful in examining this possibility.