Phase-Space Distributions of Chemical Abundances in Milky Way-Type Galaxy Halos

Motivated by upcoming data from astrometric and spectroscopic surveys of the Galaxy, we explore the chemical abundance properties and phase-space distributions in hierarchically formed stellar halo simulations set in a ΛCDM universe. Our stellar halo metallicities increase with stellar halo mass. The slope of the [Fe/H]-M* trend mimics that of the satellite galaxies that were destroyed to build the halos, implying that the relation propagates hierarchically. All simulated halos contain a significant fraction of old stellar populations accreted more than 10 Gyr ago, and in a few cases some intermediate-age populations exist. In contrast with the Milky Way, many of our simulated stellar halos contain old stellar populations that are metal-rich, originating in the early accretion of massive satellites (M* ~ 109 M☉). We suggest that the (metal-rich) stellar halo of M31 falls into this category, while the more metal-poor halo of the Milky Way is lacking in early massive accretion events. Interestingly, our hierarchically formed stellar halos often have nonnegligible metallicity gradients in both [Fe/H] and [α/Fe]. These gradients extend a few tens of kiloparsecs, and can be as large as 0.5 dex in [Fe/H] and 0.2 dex in [α/Fe], with the most metal-poor halo stars typically buried within the central ~5 kpc of the galaxy. Finally, we find that chemical abundances can act as a rough substitute for time of accretion of satellite galaxies, and, based on this finding, we propose a criterion for identifying tidal streams spatially by selecting stars with [α/Fe] ratios below solar.