2-D Models of Protostars: III. Effects of Stellar Temperature

We model how the mid-infrared colors of Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) vary with stellar temperature. The spectral energy distribution (SED) of each object has contributions from thermal emission of circumstellar dust, from direct stellar photospheric emission, and from scattered stellar emission. We first isolate the effects of stellar contributions (direct+scattered) to the SED using homologous "Class I" models, where the shape of the thermal contribution to the SED remains constant. Stellar light contributes relatively more to the MIR emission of YSOs with lower temperature stars (Tstar ~4000 K) because the emission peak wavelength of the star is closer to that of the thermal radiation. Next we consider realistic Class 0, I, and II source models and find that the other dominant effect of varying stellar temperature on YSO SEDs is that of the inner disk wall: In high-Tstar models, the dust destruction radius is much further out with a consequently larger inner disk wall that contributes relatively more to the 2-10 um flux. This effect partially offsets that of the stellar contribution leading to varying behaviors of the 2-10 um flux. Our modeled MIR protostellar colors have implications for interpretations of Spitzer IRAC observations of star formation regions: It is commonly assumed that the slope of the SED at 1-10 um is directly related to evolutionary state. We show that inclination effects, aperture size, scattered light, and stellar temperature cause a broad spread in the colors of a source at a single evolutionary state. Color magnitude diagrams can help sort out these effects by separating sources with different Tstar based on their different brightness (for sources at the same distance).