The Structure and Motions of the 3C 120 Radio Jet on Scales of 0.6-300 Parsecs

Results are presented from long-term very long baseline interferometry monitoring of the parsec-scale radio jet in 3C 120 at 5 and 1.7 GHz. The 5 GHz sequence includes a few early epochs at 10.7 GHz. Superluminal features are seen leaving the core at intervals of less than a year, about as often as new features could be distinguished with the 0.6 pc resolution of the observations. The underlying jet is continuous but not smooth, and the measured features are simply the bright points in the convolution of the observing beam with brightness fluctuations that occur on many scales. The velocity of different features varies, but not by more than about a factor of 2. Clear variations in the velocity of an individual feature are not seen. Some features that were observed leaving the core in the 5 GHz observations with 0.6 pc resolution are followed at 1.7 GHz with 2.4 pc resolution to projected distances in excess of 25 pc from the core. Older features up to at least 150 pc in projection from the core are still moving at superluminal apparent speeds and are therefore presumed to be relativistic. Beyond that, the data are inadequate for motion measurements. The region where the jet slows to nonrelativistic speeds has not been found. There are suggestions of stationary features, or brightening and dimming regions, through which the moving features pass. These may be locations where there is interaction with the external medium, or they may simply be the result of variations in the jet angle to the line of sight. The observation of stationary features in an otherwise moving jet reinforces the idea that the lack of motion of the knot at 4'' (2 kpc), which has been found not to be superluminal in other observations, might not actually imply that the jet has slowed by that position. The structure of the jet in the vicinity of the most likely stationary feature is suggestive of a helical pattern seen in projection. The deprojected wavelength of the pattern is very long relative to the jet radius, unlike the situation in sources such as M87 (Owen and coworkers). If the 3C 120 jet does contain a slowly moving, helical structure, then theory suggests that the jet resides in a relatively cool medium, not in a relativistically hot cocoon or lobe.