Mapping the emission and spectral properties of the FRI radio galaxy 3C 449 with LOFAR and the VLA

The jets and lobes of nearby radio galaxies are ideal laboratories to explore the spectral and dynamical evolution of the radio-emitting plasma that emanates from active galactic nuclei. Here, we present a high-resolution radio continuum study of the low-redshift (z=0.01713), Fanaroff-Riley I (FRI) radio galaxy 3C 449 performed by combining radio data at 145 MHz acquired with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and archival Very Large Array (VLA) data at 1365, 1485, 4985, and 8485 MHz. Our LOFAR maps have angular resolutions of 20"x20"and 6.0"x6.0", and show the full extent of the known radio emission at the highest angular resolution to date. Our spectral index maps show the distribution of the spectrum in the 145-8485 MHz frequency range over a region that extends beyond 2.5'. The average 145-8485 MHz spectrum is consistent with a single power law and stays approximately constant over the inner ~50"of both jets. Beyond ~50", on both source sides, the higher-frequency spectrum steepens, indicating no significant downstream sites of particle acceleration. By modelling the spectrum under the assumption of equipartition and of a constant magnetic field across the source, we derive maps of the highest radiative age of the particles. At the outer edges of both the northern tail and southern lobe, the spectral age is ~150 Myr. If the latter age were representative of the dynamical source age, the average expansion speed of both jets during the source lifetime would be supersonic, with Mach numbers of M~4.1 and M~2.8 for the northern and southern jets, respectively. As numerical simulations of FRI jets suggest that the source's current expansion is subsonic, the high Mach numbers might arise either from the source being highly supersonic for a small fraction of its lifetime or from a severe underestimation of the spectral age due to particle acceleration on scales of hundreds of kpc.