Heterogeneity among migrants, education–occupation mismatch and returns to education

ABSTRACT Using nationally representative data for India, this paper examines the incidence of education–occupation mismatch (EOM) and returns to education and EOM for internal migrants while considering the heterogeneity among them. In particular, it considers heterogeneity arising because of the reason to migrate, demographic characteristics, spatial factors, migration experience and type of migration. The analysis reveals that there is variation in the incidence and returns to EOM depending on the reason to migrate, demographic characteristics and spatial factors. The study highlights the need of focusing on EOM to increase the productivity benefits of migration. It also provides the framework for minimizing migrants’ likelihood of being mismatched while maximizing their returns to education.