A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Driving

The rapid progress of multimodal large language models (MLLM) has paved the way for Vision-Language-Action (VLA) paradigms, which integrate visual perception, natural language understanding, and control within a single policy. Researchers in autonomous driving are actively adapting these methods to the vehicle domain. Such models promise autonomous vehicles that can interpret high-level instructions, reason about complex traffic scenes, and make their own decisions. However, the literature remains fragmented and is rapidly expanding. This survey offers the first comprehensive overview of VLA for Autonomous Driving (VLA4AD). We (i) formalize the architectural building blocks shared across recent work, (ii) trace the evolution from early explainer to reasoning-centric VLA models, and (iii) compare over 20 representative models according to VLA's progress in the autonomous driving domain. We also consolidate existing datasets and benchmarks, highlighting protocols that jointly measure driving safety, instruction fidelity, and explanation quality. Finally, we detail open challenges—robustness, real-time efficiency, and formal verification—and outline future directions toward foundation-scale driving models and a standardised “traffic language.” This survey provides a concise yet complete reference for advancing interpretable, instruction-following, and socially aligned autonomous vehicles.