Some contributions on Melnikov chaos for smooth and piecewise-smooth planar systems: "trajectories chaotic in the future"

We consider a $2$-dimensional autonomous system subject to a $1$-periodic perturbation, i.e. $$ \dot{\vec{x}}=\vec{f}(\vec{x})+ε\vec{g}(t,\vec{x},ε),\quad \vec{x}\inΩ.$$ We assume that for $ε=0$ there is a trajectory $\vecγ(t)$ homoclinic to the origin which is a critical point: in this context Melnikov theory provides a sufficient condition for the insurgence of a chaotic pattern when $ε\ne 0$. In this paper we show that for any line $Ξ$ transversal to $\{\vecγ(t) \mid t \in \mathbb{R} \}$ and any $τ\in [0,1]$ we can find a set $Σ^+(Ξ,τ)$ of initial conditions giving rise to a pattern chaotic just in the future, located in $Ξ$ at $t=τ$. Further diam$(Σ^+(Ξ,τ)) \le ε^{(1+ν)/ \underlineσ}$ where $\underlineσ>0$ is a constant and $ν>0$ is a parameter that can be chosen as large as we wish. The same result holds true for the set $Σ^-(Ξ,τ)$ of initial conditions giving rise to a pattern chaotic just in the past. In fact all the results are developed in a piecewise-smooth context, assuming that $\vec{0}$ lies on the discontinuity curve $Ω^0$: we recall that in this setting chaos is not possible if we have sliding phenomena close to the origin. This paper can also be considered as the first part of the project to show the existence of classical chaotic phenomena when sliding close to the origin is not present.