The Impact of Helium Exposure on the PMTs of the SuperNEMO Experiment
physics.ins-det
/ Authors
SuperNEMO Collaboration, X. Aguerre, A. S. Barabash, A. Basharina-Freshville, M. Bongrand, Ch. Bourgeois, D. Breton, R. Breier, J. Busto, C. Cerna
and 69 more authors
M. Ceschia, E. Chauveau, A. Chopra, L. Dawson, D. Duchesneau, J. J. Evans, D. Filosofov, X. Garrido, C. Girard-Carillo, M. Granjon, M. Hoballah, R. Hodák, G. Horner, M. H. Hussain, A. Islam, A. Jérémie, S. Jullian, J. Kaizer, A. Klimenko, O. Kochetov, F. Koňařík, S. I. Konovalov, T. Křižák, S. Kovalenko
/ Abstract
The performance of Hamamatsu 8" photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) of the type used in the SuperNEMO neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment (R5912-MOD), is investigated as a function of exposure to helium (He) gas. Two PMTs were monitored for over a year, one exposed to varying concentrations of He, and the other kept in standard atmospheric conditions as a control. Both PMTs were exposed to light signals generated by a Bi-207 radioactive source that provided consistent large input PMT signals similar to those that are typical of the SuperNEMO experiment. The energy resolution of PMT signals corresponding to 1 MeV energy scale determined from the Bi-207 decay spectrum, shows a negligible degradation with He exposure; however the rate of after-pulsing shows a clear increase with He exposure, which is modelled and compared to diffusion theory. A method for reconstructing the partial pressure of He within the PMT and a method for determining the He breakdown point, are introduced. The implications for long-term SuperNEMO operations are briefly discussed.