A fast X-ray transient from a weak relativistic jet associated with a type Ic-BL supernova
astro-ph.HE
/ Authors
H. Sun, W. -X. Li, L. -D. Liu, H. Gao, X. -F. Wang, W. Yuan, B. Zhang, A. V. Filippenko, D. Xu, T. An
and 157 more authors
S. Ai, T. G. Brink, Y. Liu, Y. -Q. Liu, C. -Y. Wang, Q. -Y. Wu, X. -F. Wu, Y. Yang, B. -B. Zhang, W. -K. Zheng, T. Ahumada, Z. -G. Dai, J. Delaunay, N. Elias-Rosa, S. Benetti, S. -Y. Fu, D. A. Howell, Y. -F. Huang, M. M. Kasliwal, V. Karambelkar, R. Stein, W. -H. Lei, T. -Y. Lian, Z. -K. Peng
/ Abstract
Massive stars end their lives as core-collapse supernovae, amongst which some extremes are broad-lined type Ic supernovae from Wolf-Rayet stars associated with long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) having powerful relativistic jets. Their less-extreme brethren make unsuccessful jets that are choked inside the stars, appearing as X-ray flashes or low-luminosity GRBs. On the other hand, there exists a population of extragalactic fast X-ray transients (EFXTs) with timescales ranging from seconds to thousands of seconds, whose origins remain obscure. Here, we report the discovery of the bright X-ray transient EP240414a detected by the Einstein Probe (EP), which is associated with the type Ic supernova SN 2024gsa at a redshift of 0.401. The X-ray emission evolution is characterised by a very soft energy spectrum peaking at $< 1.3$ keV, which makes it different from known LGRBs, X-ray flashes, or low-luminosity GRBs. Follow-up observations at optical and radio bands revealed the existence of a weak relativistic jet that interacts with an extended shell surrounding the progenitor star. Located on the outskirts of a massive galaxy, this event reveals a new population of explosions of Wolf-Rayet stars characterised by a less powerful engine that drives a successful but weak jet, possibly owing to a progenitor star with a smaller core angular momentum than in traditional LGRB progenitors.