The high-contrast performance of the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer
astro-ph.IM
/ Authors
Jason J. Wang, Dimitri Mawet, Jerry W. Xuan, Chih-Chun Hsu, Jean-Baptiste Ruffio, Katelyn Horstman, Yinzi Xin, Jacques-Robert Delorme, Nemanja Jovanovic, Yapeng Zhang
and 18 more authors
Luke Finnerty, Ashley Baker, Randall Bartos, Geoffrey A. Blake, Benjamin Calvin, Sylvain Cetre, Gregory W. Doppmann, Daniel Echeverri, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Joshua Liberman, Ronald Lopez, Evan Morris, Jacklyn Pezzato-Rovner, Ben Sappey, Tobias Schofield, Andrew Skemer, J. Kent Wallace, Ji Wang
/ Abstract
The Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC), a series of upgrades to the Keck II Adaptive Optics System and Instrument Suite, aims to demonstrate high-resolution spectroscopy of faint exoplanets that are spatially resolved from their host stars. In this paper, we measure KPIC's sensitivity to companions as a function of separation (i.e., the contrast curve) using on-sky data collected over four years of operation. We show that KPIC is able to reach contrasts of $1.3 \times 10^{-4}$ at 90 mas and $9.2 \times 10^{-6}$ at 420 mas separation from the star, and that KPIC can reach planet-level sensitivities at angular separations within the inner working angle of coronagraphic instruments such as GPI and SPHERE. KPIC is also able to achieve more extreme contrasts than other medium-/high-resolution spectrographs that are not as optimized for high-contrast performance. We decompose the KPIC performance budget into individual noise terms and discuss limiting factors. The fringing that results from combining a high-contrast imaging system with a high-resolution spectrograph is identified as an important source of systematic noise. After mitigation and correction, KPIC is able to reach within a factor of 2 of the photon noise limit at separations < 200 mas. At large separations, KPIC is limited by the background noise performance of NIRSPEC.