Discovery of the optical and radio counterpart to the fast X-ray transient EP240315a
astro-ph.HE
/ Authors
J. H. Gillanders, L. Rhodes, S. Srivastav, F. Carotenuto, J. Bright, M. E. Huber, H. F. Stevance, S. J. Smartt, K. C. Chambers, T. -W. Chen
and 29 more authors
R. Fender, A. Andersson, A. J. Cooper, P. G. Jonker, F. J. Cowie, T. deBoer, N. Erasmus, M. D. Fulton, H. Gao, J. Herman, C. -C. Lin, T. Lowe, E. A. Magnier, H. -Y. Miao, P. Minguez, T. Moore, C. -C. Ngeow, M. Nicholl, Y. -C. Pan, G. Pignata, A. Rest, X. Sheng, I. A. Smith, K. W. Smith
/ Abstract
Fast X-ray Transients (FXTs) are extragalactic bursts of soft X-rays first identified >10 years ago. Since then, nearly 40 events have been discovered, although almost all of these have been recovered from archival Chandra and XMM-Newton data. To date, optical sky surveys and follow-up searches have not revealed any multi-wavelength counterparts. The Einstein Probe, launched in January 2024, has started surveying the sky in the soft X-ray regime (0.5-4 keV) and will rapidly increase the sample of FXTs discovered in real time. Here, we report the first discovery of both an optical and radio counterpart to a distant FXT, the fourth source publicly released by the Einstein Probe. We discovered a fast-fading optical transient within the 3 arcmin localisation radius of EP240315a with the all-sky optical survey ATLAS, and our follow-up Gemini spectrum provides a redshift, z=4.859+/-0.002. Furthermore, we uncovered a radio counterpart in the S-band (3.0 GHz) with the MeerKAT radio interferometer. The optical (rest-frame UV) and radio luminosities indicate the FXT most likely originates from either a long gamma-ray burst or a relativistic tidal disruption event. This may be a fortuitous early mission detection by the Einstein Probe or may signpost a mode of discovery for high-redshift, high-energy transients through soft X-ray surveys, combined with locating multi-wavelength counterparts.