The missing quasar image in the gravitationally lensed quasar HE0230$-$2130: Implications for the cored lens mass distribution and dark satellites

Strongly lensed systems with peculiar configurations allow us to probe the local properties of the deflecting lens mass while simultaneously testing general profile assumptions. The quasar HE0230$-$2130 is lensed by two galaxies at similar redshifts ($Δz \sim 0.003$) into four observed images. Using modeled quasar positions from fitting the brightness of the quasar images in ground-based imaging data from the Magellan telescope, we find that lens-mass models where each of these two galaxies is parametrized with a singular power-law (PL) profile predict five quasar images. To interpret the quad configuration of the system, we tested 12 different profile assumptions with the aim of obtaining lens-mass models that correctly predict only four observed images. We tested the effects of adopting: cored profiles for the lensing galaxies; external shear; and additional profiles to represent a dark matter clump. We find that half of our model classes can produce the correct image multiplicity. By comparing the Bayesian evidence of different model parametrizations, we favor two model classes: (i) one that incorporates two singular PL profiles for the lensing galaxies and a cored isothermal sphere in the region of the previously predicted fifth image (rNIS profile), and (ii) one with a bigger lensing galaxy parametrized by a singular PL profile and the smaller galaxy by a cored PL profile with external shear. We estimated the mass of the rNIS clump for each candidate model of our final Markov chain Monte Carlo sample, and find that only 2\% are in the range of $10^6 M_{\odot} \leq M_{\rm rNIS}\leq 10^9 M_{\odot}$, which is the predicted mass range of dark matter subhalos in cold dark matter simulations, or the mass of dark-matter-dominated and low-surface-brightness galaxies. We therefore favor the models with a cored mass distribution for the lens galaxy close to the predicted fifth image.