Searching for Afterglow: Light Dark Matter Boosted by Supernova Neutrinos

A novel analysis is performed, incorporating time-of-flight (TOF) information to study the interactions of dark matter (DM) with standard model particles. After supernova (SN) explosions, DM with mass $m_χ\lesssim\mathcal{O}({\rm MeV})$ in the halo can be boosted by SN neutrinos (SN$ν$) to relativistic speed. The SN$ν$ boosted DM (BDM) arrives on Earth with TOF which depends only on $m_χ$ and is independent of the cross section. These BDMs can interact with detector targets in low-background experiments and manifest as afterglow events after the arrival of SN$ν$. The characteristic TOF spectra of the BDM events can lead to large background suppression and unique determination of $m_χ$. New cross section constraints on $\sqrt{σ_{χe} σ_{χν}}$ are derived from SN1987a in the Large Magellanic Cloud with data from the Kamiokande and Super-Kamiokande experiments. Potential sensitivities for the next galactic SN with Hyper-Kamiokande are projected. This analysis extends the existing bounds on $\sqrt{σ_{χe}σ_{χν}}$ over a broad range of $r_χ=σ_{χν}/σ_{χe}$. In particular, the improvement is by 1-3 orders of magnitude for $m_χ<\mathcal{O}(100\,{\rm keV})$ for $σ_{χe}\simσ_{χν}$. Prospects of exploiting TOF information in other astrophysical systems to probe exotic physics with other DM candidates are discussed.