Cortical lesions, central vein sign, and paramagnetic rim lesions in multiple sclerosis: Emerging machine learning techniques and future avenues

Highlights • Cortical lesions, paramagnetic rim lesions, and the central vein sign are emerging imaging biomarkers in MS.• Their assessment requires advanced MRI techniques and high expertise.• We discuss machine learning techniques proposed to automatically assess them.• The methods’ current limitations and future research directions are presented.