High-Resolution Observations of Bright Boulders on Asteroid Ryugu: 1. Size Frequency Distribution and Morphology

The near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu displays a Cb-type average spectrum and a very low average normal albedo of 0.04. Although the majority of boulders on Ryugu have reflectance spectra and albedo similar to the Ryugu average, a small fraction of boulders exhibit anomalously high albedo and distinctively different spectra. A previous study (Tatsumi et al., 2021) based on the 2.7-km observations and a series of low-altitude (down to 68 m) descent observations conducted prior to the first touchdown have shown that the spectra of these anomalous boulders can be classified into two distinct groups corresponding to S and C type asteroids. The former originate most likely from an impactor that collided with Ryugu's parent body, whereas the latter may be from portions of Ryugu's parent body that experienced a different temperature history than experienced by the majority of boulder materials. In this study, we analyzed images captured after the first touchdown to determine the quantitative properties of these bright boulders on Ryugu. We measured the sizes of more than a thousand bright boulders and characterized the morphologic properties of the largest ones. Analyses revealed many properties of bright boulders important for the evolution of Ryugu and its parent body. The size-frequency distributions of S- and C-type bright boulders follow power laws. We obtained the ratios of the total volume and surface area of S-type bright boulders to those of average dark boulders on the Ryugu surface. Also, many of the bright boulders are embedded in a larger substrate boulder, suggesting that they have experienced mixing and conglomeration with darker fragments on the parent body, rather than gently landing on Ryugu during or after its formation by reaccumulation. This is consistent with the hypothesis that S-type bright boulders were likely mixed during and/or before a catastrophic disruption.