Bayesian statistical framework for identifying strongly lensed gravitational-wave signals

It is expected that gravitational waves, similar to electromagnetic waves, can be gravitationally lensed by intervening matters, producing multiple instances of the same signal arriving at different times from different apparent luminosity distances with different phase shifts compared to the un-lensed signal due to lensing. If unaccounted for, these lensed signals will masquerade as separate systems with higher mass and lower redshift. Here we present a Bayesian statistical framework for identifying strongly-lensed gravitational-wave signals that incorporates astrophysical information and accounts for selection effects. We also propose a two-step hierarchical analysis for more efficient computations of the probabilities and inferences of source parameters free from bias introduced by lensing. We show with examples on how changing the astrophysical models could shift one's interpretation on the origin of the observed gravitational waves, and possibly lead to indisputable evidence of strong lensing of the observed waves. In addition, we demonstrate the improvement in the sky localization of the source of the lensed signals, and in some cases the identification of the Morse indices of the lensed signals. If confirmed, lensed gravitational waves will allow us to probe the Universe at higher redshift, and to constrain the polarization contents of the waves with fewer detectors.