Algorithmic aspects of 2-secure domination in graphs

Let G(V, E) be a simple, connected and undirected graph. A dominating set S⊆V\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$S \subseteq V$$\end{document} is called a 2-secure dominating set (2-SDS) in G, if for each pair of distinct vertices v1,v2∈V\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$v_1,v_2 \in V$$\end{document} there exists a pair of distinct vertices u1,u2∈S\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$u_1,u_2 \in S$$\end{document} such that u1∈N[v1]\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$u_1 \in N[v_1]$$\end{document}, u2∈N[v2]\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$u_2 \in N[v_2]$$\end{document} and (S\{u1,u2})∪{v1,v2}\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$(S {\setminus } \{u_1,u_2\}) \cup \{v_1,v_2 \}$$\end{document} is a dominating set in G. The size of a minimum 2-SDS in G is said to be 2-secure domination number denoted by γ2s(G)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\gamma _{2s}(G)$$\end{document}. The 2-SDM problem is to check if an input graph G has a 2-SDS S, with |S|≤k\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \vert S \vert \le k$$\end{document}, where k∈Z+\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ k \in \mathbb {Z}^+ $$\end{document}. It is proved that for bipartite graphs 2-SDM is NP-complete. In this paper, we prove that the 2-SDM problem is NP-complete for planar graphs and doubly chordal graphs, a subclass of chordal graphs. We reinforce the existing NP-complete result for bipartite graphs, by proving 2-SDM is NP-complete for some subclasses of bipartite graphs specifically, comb convex bipartite and star convex bipartite graphs. We prove that this problem is linear time solvable for bounded tree-width graphs. We also show that the 2-SDM is W[2]-hard even for split graphs. The M2SDS problem is to find a 2-SDS of minimum size in the given graph. We give a Δ+1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \varDelta +1 $$\end{document}-approximation algorithm for M2SDS, where Δ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \varDelta $$\end{document} is the maximum degree of the given graph and prove that M2SDS cannot be approximated within (1-ϵ)ln(|V|)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ (1 - \epsilon ) \ln (\vert V \vert ) $$\end{document} for any ϵ>0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \epsilon > 0 $$\end{document} unless NP⊆DTIME(|V|O(loglog|V|))\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ NP \subseteq DTIME(\vert V \vert ^{ O(\log \log \vert V \vert )}) $$\end{document}. Finally, we prove that the M2SDS is APX-complete for graphs with Δ=4.\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varDelta =4.$$\end{document}