Discovery of starspots on Vega - First spectroscopic detection of surface structures on a normal A-type star

The theoretically studied impact of rapid rotation on stellar evolution needs to be confronted with the results of high resolution spectroscopy-velocimetry observations. A weak surface magnetic field had recently been detected in the A0 prototype star Vega, potentially leading to a (yet undetected) structured surface. The goal of this article is to present a thorough analysis of the line profile variations and associated estimators in the early-type standard star Vega (A0) in order reveal potential activity tracers, exoplanet companions and stellar oscillations. Vega was monitored in high-resolution spectroscopy with the velocimeter Sophie/OHP. A total of 2588 high S/N spectra was obtained during 5 nights (August 2012) at R = 75000 and covering the visible domain. For each reduced spectrum, Least Square Deconvolved (LSD) equivalent photospheric profiles were calculated with a Teff = 9500 and logg = 4.0 spectral line mask. Several methods were applied to study the dynamic behavior of the profile variations (evolution of radial velocity, bisectors, vspan, 2D profiles, amongst others). We present the discovery of a starspotted stellar surface in an A-type standard star with faint spot amplitudes Delta F/Fc ~5 10^{-4}. A rotational modulation of spectral lines with a period of rotation P = 0.68 d has clearly been exhibited, confirming the results of previous spectropolarimetric studies. Either a very thin convective layer can be responsible for magnetic field generation at small amplitudes, or a new mechanism has to be invoked in order to explain the existence of activity tracing starspots. This first strong evidence that standard A-type stars can show surface structures opens a new field of research and asks the question about a potential link with the recently discovered weak magnetic field discoveries in this category of stars.