Parton momentum and helicity distributions in the nucleon

We review the current status of spin-averaged and spin-dependent parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the nucleon. After presenting the formalism used to fit PDFs in modern global data analyses, we discuss constraints placed on the PDFs by specific data types. We give representative examples of unpolarized and polarized PDFs and their errors, and list open questions in global quantum chromodynamics fitting. Finally, we anticipate how future facilities, with fixed-target and collider experiments, may impact our knowledge of PDFs and reduce their uncertainties.